Blood Vessel Pathology

Question 1

Varicose Veins signs and symptoms

Answer 1

Varicose veins may not cause pain initially

signs: dark purple/blue in colour and twisted

symtpoms, achy/heav feeling in legs

burning, throbbing mm cramping and swelling in the legs
pain sitting or standing for long time

Question 2

Risk Factors of varicose veins

Answer 2

female, standing for long periods, obesity, increased age, pregnancy

Question 3

Varicose Veins

Answer 3

vein blood pooled: produced distended palpable vessels
occurs in superficial veins most commonly lower limb

Question 4

Pathology of Veins

Answer 4

Varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis

Question 5

Manifestations of Chronic Arterial Obstruction

Answer 5

blood supply may be adequate at rest. No symptoms.

During activity, 02 demand is higher meaning occuluded vessel cant provide sufficient blood flow which leads to inschemic pain. refers to
intermittent claudication

Question 6

Acute Arterial Obstruction
Manifestions

Answer 6

6 P’s, painful pale, perishingly cold, pulseless, paraesthetic, paralysed

needs surgery therefore referred to hositpal

Question 7

Complications of Atherosclerosis: PAD
Peripheral Artery Diseasse

Answer 7

atherosclerosis causes obstruction of the arteries which leads to inadequate blood supply to tissues

Plaque within the vessel wall may lead to endotheelial damage which leads to risk of thrombus formation

Question 8

Atherosclerosis Risk Factors

Answer 8

modifiable, lifetstle factors,

un modifiable, age, bilogical, sex, genetic predispostion

Question 9

Atherosclerosis

Answer 9

depositis of fat and fibrin within the aretial walls that hardens over time

Question 10

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 10

thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls

Question 11

Arterial Thrombosis

Answer 11

formation of thrombus within an artery

Predispose, endothelial damage
tubent blood flow
Vasuclits (inflammation in the blood vesell)

Question 12

Virchow Trad Coagulations Changes

Answer 12

pregnancy, smoking, obesity, Hormone replacement therapy

Question 13

Virchows triad: Vessel Wall Damage

Answer 13

endothelial damage:

trauma/surgery, atherosclerosis, turbulent blood flow

Question 14

Virchows triad Stasis

Answer 14

Stoppage of blood flow

Immoblity, artieral or venous obstruction

heart failure

Question 15

Thrombosis Risk Factors

Answer 15

Virchow’s Triad
Stasis, Vessel Wall Damage, Coagulation Changes

Question 16

Thromboembolus

Answer 16

of the clot breaks loose and travels through the blood stream

Question 17

Thrombus

Answer 17

the fomration of a blood clot in a blood vessel

Question 18

Thrombosis

Answer 18

Inappropriate intravascular coagulation can result in thrombus

Question 19

Prevention of Inappropriate Coagulation
Smooth blood flow

Answer 19

turbulent blood flow increases chances of inapprioate cloasting by increasing contact b/w platelets ans stressing endothelial linng of blood vessels

Question 20

Prevention of Inappropriate Coagulation
Natural anticoagulants

Answer 20

Antiithrombin- inactivates several enzymes in the coagulation cascade

heparin: secreted by basophils &mast cells, interferes with formation of prothrombin activator

Question 21

Prevention of Inappropriate Coagulation

Thrombin dilution

Answer 21

thrombin is dilutied by rapid flowong blood

Heart slows down clot formation may result
eg during shock

Question 22

Prevention of inappropriate coagulation
Platelet repulsion

Answer 22

Endothelium is coated in prostacyclin, platelets dont adhere to it.

Prevents inappropiate aggreation of platelts on blood vessel walls

Question 23

Pathology of Veins

Answer 23

Varicose veins
Thrombophlebitis
Deep vein thrombosis

Question 24

Pathology of Arteries

Answer 24

Arterial thrombosis

Arteriosclerosis

Atherosclerosis

Question 25

Possible fates of the thrombus

Answer 25

Embolization: as the thrombus loosely attached it can dislodge and travel to other sites in the vasculature. thromboembolus may travel through the venous system, through right side of the heart and into the lungs where it may block a pulmanoary arery medical emergecny

Question 26

What can DVT lead to?

Answer 26

thrombus may continue to accumalte RBC's, platelets and fibrin and therefore enlarge( propagation) or undero firbnolysis and shrink May also dislodge and travel through the blood streas as an thromboembolus

Question 27

DVT Clincial features and roisk facotrs

Answer 27

calf ache, tihgtness, tnderness, swelling increased warmth change in color may eb increased presssure on the superifical vein Risk factors: Virchows trad

Question 28

DVT and its symptooms

Answer 28

thrombus in the deep vein with no inflammation deep veins of the extremities particulary calf symptoms: swelling in affected limb, warmt, pain pallor, tenderness

Question 29

Thrombophlebitis locations risk factors clinical features

Answer 29

lower limb: saphenous veins, superifical veins of lower limb) upper limb: arms in the veins when they likey occur in respone to irritants injected Risk Factors: varicose veins, pregancy, intravenous injections Clinical features: tender, red cord like vein, firm on palpation localised heat adn swelling

Question 30

Thrombophlebitis

Answer 30

thrombus formation in a vein with the presence of nflammation can occur superfical or deep

Question 31

Varicose Veins signs and symptoms

Answer 31

Varicose veins may not cause pain initially signs: dark purple/blue in colour and twisted symtpoms, achy/heav feeling in legs burning, throbbing mm cramping and swelling in the legs pain sitting or standing for long time