Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Module 3 > Blood Vessel structure and hypertension > Flashcards

Blood Vessel structure and hypertension Flashcards

(52 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels

A

-tunica intima
-tunica media
-tunica adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the structure of the tunica intima

A

-endothelium
-internal elastic lamina (subendothelial layer) which have proteoglycans and collagen
-squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the tunica media

A

-external elastic lamina (elastic fibers) which stretch and recoil during systole and diastole
-many smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the tunica adventitia contain

A

-collagen and elastic fibers which anchor vessels to surrounding tissue
-vasa vasorum (oxygen and nutrients to outer layer of the vessel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 main types of arteries

A

elastic
muscular
arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Elastic arteries

A

pressure reservoirs
contain many elastic fibers in the tunica media
receive blood directly from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Muscular arteries

A

distributing arteries
thicker tunica media
more muscle cells
regulated blood flow to organs and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

arterioles

A

fewer muscle cells
highly responsive to changes in BP
regulate blood flow into capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are veins

A

drainage channels which carry blood from different parts of the body to the heart
work at lower pressure due to reduced muscle tone in tunica media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are venules

A

smallest vessels in venous circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the venae cavae

A

venules come together to form larger veins into the greater vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tunica intima in arteries vs veins

A

Arteries - thin layer of endothelial cells/subendothelial layer/internal elastic lamina
veins - endothelial cells/subendothelial layer/lacks internal elastic lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

tunica media in arteries vs veins

A

arteries - thicker, more smooth muscle/more elastic fibers/muscular arteries have more smooth muscle
veins - thinner/less elastic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

tunica adventitia in arteries vs veins

A

arteries - thinner tunica adventitia
veins - thicker tunica adventitia to provide greater structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are valves

A

in veins
folds of tunica intima
prevent backflow of blood
important in lower extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are arterioles

A

smaller diameter blood vessels with muscular walls
regulate blood flow and pressure
resistance vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Roles of the arterioles

A

vary diameter to prevent damage to tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are capillaries

A

thin walled vessels which facilitate exchange of nutrients
link arteries and veins
contain endothelial cells (1 cell thick), basement membrane, collagen fibrils
5-8um diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why do capillaries have precapillary sphincters

A

regulate blood flow through contraction and dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

types of capillaries

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoidal/discontinuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are continuous capillaries

Study These Flashcards
A

-in many tissues (CNS/lymph nodes/muscle/skin)
-no opening on the walls
-continuous basement membrane
-joining of endothelial cells
-maintained by complex intercellular junction proteins

22
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries

Study These Flashcards
A

-small pore called fenestrae
-in endocrine/GIT/kidney peritubular plexus
-continuous basement membrane
-fenestrations between endothelial cells, less complex intercellular proteins

23
Q

What are sinosoidal/discontinuous capillaries

Study These Flashcards
A

-irregularly shaped endothelial cells with gaps
-in liver/bone marrow/spleen/lymph nodes
-large lumen
-discontinuous or absent basement membrane
-gaps have no diaphragm

24
Q

Lamina flow/streamlined/parabolic flow

Study These Flashcards
A

Endothelium is smooth/non-stick which allows laminar flow. Blood in the centre is faster than vessel wall
most common

25
What is turbulent flow
vessels branch when blood pressure is raised, flow is disrupted causing damage to the endothelium, this exposes blood to collagen and causes blood to clot
26
What is pulsatile flow
periodic surges of blood due to heart's rhythmic contraction e.g. arterial blood flow
27
Functions of the endothelial cell
-blood vessel barrier -regulates BP -vasomotion (blood flow) -produces NO (vasodilator/prevents platelet aggregation) -immune response -angiogenesis -regulate blood clotting -production of vasoactive substance -nutrient exchange in capillaries
28
Transport through the endothelial cells
paracellular (tight junctions) transcellular (diffusion/vesicular/receptor-mediated) active transport pinocytosis (smaller molecules ingestion)
29
What can dysfunction of microcirculation lead to
-CV disease -DM -Raynaud's disease
30
benign veins
varicose veins most common in legs
31
serious vein pathology
-venous insufficiency (leg swelling) -superficial thrombophlebitis (red/tender/swollen) -venous aneurysms (abdominal/pelvic regions) -venous malformation
32
Pathologies of arteries/arterioles
-atherosclerosis (fatty deposits in tunica intima harden walls and narrow lumen) -arteriolosclerosis (wall thickening and hardening affecting small arteries and arterioles, risk: hypertension/DM) -aneurysms (abdominal bulge) -peripheral artery disease -Reynaud's disease (spasms in fingers/toes) -arteritis (inflammation of arterial walls) -vasculitis (inflammation of artery and arterioles) -artery embolism (blood clot lodges in embolism) -thrombus (solid mass)
33
hypertension
persistent elevation of blood pressure levels in the arteries damage to structure of blood vessels (small muscular and arterioles) asymptomatic
34
classification for hypertension
normal: <120/<80 mmHg Pre-hypertension: 120-129/<80-89 mmHg stage 1: 130-139/80-89 mmHg stage 2: >=140/>=90 mmHg urgency/emergency: >180/>120mmHg
35
Risk factors
-age -family history -obesity -sedentary lifestyle -unhealthy (low potassium high sodium) -excessive alcohol consumption -smoking -chronic conditions (diabetes/kidney disease)
36
Hypertension classification
primary (essential/idiopathic 90%) secondary (underlying conditions 10%) malignant - dramatic rise over a short time benign - stable elevation of blood pressure over several years
37
What is secondary hypertension
caused by an external factor renal disease (parenchymal/vascular) -renal artery stenosis (reduced renal blood flow, RAAS activation, vasoconstriction, Na and H20 retention/hypertension -acute kidney disorders (decreased urine formation/increased retention of Na/H20) -chronic kidney disorders -tumours (adrenal adenocarcinoma/pheochromocytoma) -CV disorders (coarctation of aorta) -obstructive sleep apnoea -drugs (cocaine/amphetamines/licorice/oral contraceptives) -hyperthyroidism/Cushing's syndrome/adrenal hyperplasia/hyperaldosteronism
38
complications of hypertension
-coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis) -left ventricular hypertrophy (heart remodelling/hypertrophy) -angina (pain) -heart failure (heart weakens)
39
What is an atheroma
Feature of atherosclerosis affects large and medium arteries (not arterioles) in systemic (high pressure systems) only initially affects tunica intima then tunica media
40
4 features of atheroma
-fatty streak (barely visible) -lipid plaque (smooth/yellow/raised) -fibrolipid plaque (hard) -complicated atheroma
41
Complications of atheroma
-stenosis -predispose to thrombosis and embolism -intima expansion/reduction to lumen size/reduce blood flow -leg arteries -mesenteric arteries - ischaemic colitis -heart attack/stroke
42
What is thromboembolism
acute rupture of an unstable atheromatous plaque, forming acute artery occulusion (thrombosis) and detaching (embolus)
43
What can thromboembolism lead to
DVT pulmonary embolism stroke
44
What is aortic dissection
70% due to hypertension blood enters media causing a split in the vessel wall (unusual in atherosclerotic arteries) rupture into adventitia causing haemorrhage into surrounding areas of the pericardium
45
What is an aneurysm
abnormal, permanent focal dilation of an artery atrophy of media muscle and elastic fibers replaced by collagen (no recoil)
46
Types of aneurysms
-saccular/berry (sac/pouch like due to arterial wall weakness) -fusiform (gradual/symmetrical dilation/fusiform shape)
47
Pathologies of arterioles
-Hyaline arteriolosclerosis (hyalin within arteriolar wall) -hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis (concentric thickening of the arteriolar wall) -vasospasms -microangiopathy/arterioloar dysfunction -ischaemia -atherosclerosis -inflammation
48
What does hypertension result in
rupture (intracerebral haemorrhage due to microaneurysm - Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm) microinfarcts due to thrombolytic events (hypertensive lacunae) vascular dementia due to white matter loss
49
Kidney victim
hypertensive nephropathy due to chronic high blood pressure
50
kidney villian
disrupt electrolyte balance leading to reactivation of the RAAS system
51
How does hypertension cause eye damage
hypertensive retinopathy - renal arterioles primary benign hypertension: silver wiring/arteriovenous nipping malignant hypertension - flame haemorrhages/cotton wool spots/papilledema
52

Module 3 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions