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140 . Foundations of Anatomy and Clinical Practice > Blood, Vessels, Homeostasis, Haemodynamics > Flashcards

Blood, Vessels, Homeostasis, Haemodynamics Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transportation -> O2, CO2, nutrients, waste products, hormones
Regulation -> homeostasis of fluids, pH, temp, osmosis
Protection -> blood clotting, white blood cells, antibodies

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2
Q

What is the density of blood in relation to water?

A

Blood is denser than water

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3
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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4
Q

What is the temperature of blood?

A

38°C

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5
Q

Approximately how much blood does a person have in their body?

A

5 litres circulating at any one time

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6
Q

What are the two main components of blood?

A

Plasma (55%) and Formed elements (cells) (45%)

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7
Q

What are the components of blood plasma?

A

Proteins
Water
Other solutes

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8
Q

What are the components of formed elements in the blood?

A

Platelets
White blood cells
Red blood cells

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9
Q

What is the role of Albumin proteins in the blood plasma?

A

Maintain colloid osmotic pressure

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10
Q

What is the role of Globulin proteins in the blood plasma?

A

Immunoglobins fight disease

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11
Q

What is the role of Fibrinogen proteins in the blood plasma?

A

Involved in blood clotting

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12
Q

What is the scientific name for red blood cells?

A

Erthrocyte(s)

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13
Q

Describe the shape of erthrocytes:

A 
Biconcave discs
No nucleus
7-8μm diameter
4 polypeptide chains each with an attached haem group
Centre of each haem group is Fe2+
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14
Q

What is the scientific name for white blood cells?

A

Leukocyte(s)

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15
Q

Describe the shape of leucytes:

A

Larger than RBC
Have a nucleus
Various different shapes

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16
Q

What are the different types of leucyte?

A 
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
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17
Q

What are the two main types of leucytes?

A

Granular (-phils)

Agranular (-cytes)

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18
Q

What are the functions of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytosis

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19
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils?

A

Allergic reaction response and Parasitic infections

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20
Q

What are the functions of basophils?

A

Release histamine

Develop into mast cells

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21
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes?

A

Mediate immune response

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22
Q

What are the functions of monocytes?

A

Phagocytosis

Develop into macrophages

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23
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A

Cell fragments involved in blood clotting

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24
Q

What is the structure of platelets?

A

2-4μm in diameter
Disc shaped
No nucleus

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25
Explain the process of blood clotting:
Collagen exposed at site Vascular spasm, constriction of vessels to reduce blood loss Platelet plug, bind to collagen and make a temporary seal Clotting factors (enzymes)
26
Why may clotting occur in an unbroken vessel (usually a vein)?
Roughened endothelial surfaces as a result of atherosclerosis, trauma or infection
27
What is a thrombus?
A blood clot in an unbroken vessel
28
What is a embolus?
A thrombus which remains intact and becomes disloged
29
Why is an embolus in an artery dangerous?
It may reduce the blood supply to an organ
30
What is a pulmonary embolism?
When an embolus lodges into the lungs
31
Define homeostasis:
The maintenance of internal conditions by living systems for optimal organism function
32
What regulator mechanisms are involved in homeostasis?
Receptor Control centre Effector
33
What are haemodynamics?
Factors affecting blood flow
34
What is blood flow?
The volume of blood that flows through a given tissue at a given time (mL/min)
35
What is the relationship between the velocity of blood flow and the cross sectional area of a given tissue?
Velocity of blood flow is inversely proportional to the cross sectional area, flow is slow when extensive branching
36
What is the equation for total blood flow?
Total blood flow = Cardiac output (CO) - vol. blood circulating systemic blood vessels per minute
37
What is the equation for cardiac output (CO)?
CO = Heart rate (HR) x Stroke volume (SV)
38
Cardiac output (CO) is dependent on 2 factors, what are these?
Pressure difference that drives blood through the vessel | Resistance to blood flow
39
What is the stroke volume (SV)?
The volume of blood leaving the ventricle in one contraction
40
What is the relationship between size of lumen in a blood vessel and blood flow?
Increased size -> increased blood flow | Increased lumen size means less resistance, meaning more blood flow
41
What is the relationship between blood viscosity and blood flow?
Increased viscosity -> decreased blood flow | Increased blood viscosity means more resistance, meaning less blood flow
42
What is the relationship between total blood vessel length and blood flow?
Longer vessel -> decreased blood flow | Longer length means more resistance, meaning less blood flow
43
Where is blood pressure highest?
In the Aorta
44
What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
The average pressure flowing through the arteries
45
What is the function of Baroreceptors?
Stretch in the vessel walls
46
Where are Baroreceptors located?
In the Aorta arch and Carotid sinus
47
Where is the cardiovascular centre (CVC) located?
Medulla Oblongarta in the brain
48
What controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation autonomically?
The Vasomotor centre (VC), located in the Medulla Oblongarta in the brain
49
What system acts as a control of blood pressure?
Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system
50
Explain how Baroreceptors control blood pressure?
Decreased blood pressure means decreased stretch on blood vessel walls, this means decreased signals sent via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves to the CVC, less inhibitory signals sent through PNS to SA node, leads to increased HR
51
What is pulmonary circulation?
Blood circulated to the lungs
52
What is systemic circulation?
Blood circulated to the rest of the body (not lungs)
53
What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel wall?
``` Tunica intima (interna) Tunica media (middle) Tunica externa (adventitia) ```
54
Which layer of the blood vessel is an endothelium cell?
Tunica intima (interna)
55
Describe the structure of the Tunica intima:
Thin flattened cells A basement membrane Internal elastic lamina Smooth
56
What are the functions of the Tunica intima:
Reduced friction | Secrete locally acting chemical mediators
57
Describe the structure of the Tunica media:
Elastin | Muscle arranged circularly to regulate diameter of blood cells
58
What are the functions of Tunica media:
Circular muscle fibres contract and relax to control the diameter, controlled by the SNS
59
Describe the structure of the Tunica externa:
Elastic and collagen fibres Nerves Anchors in larger vessels
60
Describe the structure of Arteries:
Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica externa
61
What are the functions of Arteries?
Distribute blood to major organs
62
Describe the structure of Arterioles:
Tunica intima | Tunica media
63
What are the functions of Arterioles?
Regulate blood flow to tissues and affect blood pressure
64
Describe the structure of Capillaries:
Tunica intima
65
What are the functions of Capillaries?
Permit exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and tissues
66
Describe the structure of Venules:
Tunica intima | Tunica media
67
What are the functions of Venules?
Exchange of nutrients and waste
68
Describe the structure of Veins:
Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica externa Pocket valves
69
What are the functions of Veins?
Blood reservoir bringing blood back to the heart
70
Explain the venous return system of valves:
Open to push blood up to the heart and close to prevent backlog of blood due to gravity
71
Explain the venous return system of skeletal muscle pump:
Skeletal muscle contraction assists with pumping blood back to the heart
72
Explain the venous return system of respiratory muscle pump:
Diaphragm moves down, reduces pressure in thorax increasing pressure in abdominal cavity, compressing veins, moving blood towards the heart

140 . Foundations of Anatomy and Clinical Practice (12 decks)

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