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Block 3 Anantomy (Head and Neck) > Blood Vessels, Nerves, and Viscera of the Neck > Flashcards

Blood Vessels, Nerves, and Viscera of the Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Common Carotid Artery

Right common carotid artery originates from ____ (artery), posterior to right sternoclavicular joint

A

brachiocephalic trunk

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2
Q

Common Carotid Artery

Left common carotid artery originates from _______ in superior mediastinum.

A

aortic arch

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3
Q

Common Carotid Artery

Common carotid artery ascends in neck within carotid sheath to upper border of ______, where it divides into _______.

A

thyroid cartilage

external and internal carotid arteries

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4
Q

Common Carotid Artery
Within carotid sheath, _______ vein lies lateral to common carotid artery, and vagus nerve lies between common carotid artery and ________, posteriorly

A

internal jugular vein

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5
Q

The _____ is the terminal part of common carotid artery and/or beginning of internal carotid artery shows a localized dilatation. The carotid sinus’s wall contains numerous nerve endings, mainly derived from _______ nerve, which are sensitive to changes in blood ________.

A

carotid sinus

glossopharyngeal

pressure (baroreceptors/pressoreceptors)

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6
Q

The ________ is a highly vascular epithelial structure located at carotid bifurcation. It contains special nerve endings, mainly derived from _____ nerve, which respond to chemical changes in blood _______.

A

carotid body

glossopharyngeal

composition (oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, blood pH), chemoreceptors

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7
Q

_______ are important in reflex control of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate and depth

A

Carotid sinus and body

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8
Q

The _____ artery begins at upper border of thyroid cartilage. It ascends in the carotid triangle. The ______ leaves the carotid triangle as it passes deep (medial) to the posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid. It terminates within substance of parotid gland, posterior to neck of mandible, dividing into superficial temporal and maxillary arteries

A

external carotid

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9
Q

The branches of the external carotid artery:

A

– Anterior branches: superior thyroid, lingual, and facial arteries
– Posterior branches: occipital and posterior auricular arteries
– Medial branch: ascending pharyngeal artery
– Terminal branches: superficial temporal and maxillary arteries

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10
Q

The _______ originates from initial part of external carotid artery. It descends almost vertically to reach upper pole of lobe of thyroid gland and contributes to its blood supply. It gives off from the ________.

A

superior thyroid artery

superior laryngeal artery (pierces thyrohyoid membrane with internal laryngeal nerve).

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11
Q

The _________ originates from external carotid artery opposite tip of greater horn of hyoid. Its initial segment is crossed superficially (laterally) by _________ nerve. It passes deep to hyoglossus muscle and gives off branches that supply the tongue.

A

lingual artery

hypoglossal

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12
Q

The _____ originates immediately above the lingual artery (sometimes by a common trunk with it). It ascends medial (deep) to posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid muscles, arches over these two muscles and submandibular gland, curves around inferior border of mandible (anterior to masseter) to enter face. Before it enters face, it gives off branches that contribute to supply pharynx, soft palate, palatine tonsil, submandibular gland, and neighboring muscles.

A

facial artery

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13
Q

The _____ originates from posterior aspect of external carotid artery, close to inferior border of posterior belly of the digastric. It asses posteriorly and superiorly, deep (medial) to posterior belly of digastric and mastoid process, reaches the back of the scalp, its terminal branches accompany branches of greater occipital nerve and supply posterior part of scalp. Along its course, it gives off branches that supply auricle, middle ear, mastoid air cells, cranial dura mater, and neighboring muscles.

A

Occipital Artery

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14
Q

The _______ arises from posterior aspect of the external carotid artery at the upper border of the posterior belly of the digastric.

A

Posterior Auricular Artery

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15
Q

The posterior auricular artery passes posteriorly and superiorly to reach the notch between the cartilage of ________ and the ______ .

A

external acoustic meatus and the mastoid process

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16
Q

What does the posterior auricular artery supply?

A

It supplies the auricle, middle ear, scalp above and behind ear, parotid gland, and neighboring muscles.

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17
Q

The __________is the smallest branch of the external carotid artery. It arises near its origin.

A

ascending pharyngeal artery

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18
Q

The ascending pharyngeal artery ascends along the pharyngeal wall toward _______, medial to internal carotid artery.

A

cranial base

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19
Q

What does the ascending pharyngeal artery supply?

A

pharynx, soft palate, palatine tonsil, middle ear, and cranial dura mater.

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20
Q

The ______ is an upward continuation of the external carotid artery. It ascends anterior to the ear with the auriculotemporal nerve and superficial temporal vein.

A

superficial temporal artery

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21
Q

The superficial temporal artery passes superficial (lateral) to the root of the _____ of the temporal bone. It is superior to the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, it divides into anterior (frontal) and posterior (parietal) branches.

A

zygomatic process

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22
Q

What does the superficial temporal artery supply?

A

Supplies frontal, temporal, and parietal regions of scalp

• Also gives branches to parotid gland, external ear, face, and temporomandibular joint

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23
Q

The __________ is the largest of the two terminal branches of external carotid artery. It passes anteriorly, deep to neck of mandible and it runs through infratemporal fossa, and terminates in ____.

A

Maxillary Artery

pterygopalatine fossa

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24
Q

The maxillary artery gives off branches that supply:

A

the external and middle ear, cranial dura mater, upper and lower teeth and gingiva, muscles of mastication, face, hard and soft palate, palatine tonsil, and nasal cavity.

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25
Q

The _______ collects most venous blood from the head and neck.

A

Internal Jugular Vein

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26
Q

The internal jugular vein begins in the ________, as a continuation of sigmoid sinus, and ends posterior to the sternoclavicular joint, where it joins subclavian vein to form ____________.

A

jugular foramen

brachiocephalic vein

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27
Q

The internal jugular vein lies within carotid sheath, lateral to ________ artery (in upper neck), and lateral to ________ artery (in lower neck).

A

internal carotid

common carotid

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28
Q

The _________ lie alongside the internal jugular vein. The upper and lower ends of internal jugular vein are dilated (superior and inferior bulbs).

A

deep cervical lymph nodes

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29
Q

The Internal Jugular Vein has tributaries and they are:

A 
–Inferior petrosal sinus and sigmoid sinus, leaves cranial cavity via jugular foramen and drains into superior bulb 
–Lingual vein(s) 
–Pharyngeal veins 
–Facial vein  
–Superior and middle thyroid veins 
–Occipital vein (sometimes)
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30
Q

The right _________ is a branch of brachiocephalic trunk (artery), begins posterior to right sternoclavicular joint.

A

Subclavian Artery

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31
Q

The left ____________ is a branch of aortic arch, begins in superior mediastinum.

A

Subclavian Artery

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32
Q

The subclavian artery is divided into 3 parts by the scalenus anterior muscle

A

– 1st part: from origin to medial border of scalenus anterior
– 2nd part: posterior to scalenus anterior
– 3rd part: from lateral border of scalenus anterior to lateral border of 1st rib, where it becomes continuous with axillary artery.

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33
Q

Subclavian Artery

Branches of 1st part

A

Branches of 1st part
–Vertebral artery
–Thyrocervical trunk
–Internal thoracic artery

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34
Q

Subclavian Artery
Branches of 2nd part
–Costocervical trunk (may originate from 1st part)

A

–Costocervical trunk (may originate from 1st part)

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35
Q

Subclavian Artery

Branch of 3rd part

A

–Gives rise to dorsal scapular artery or may have no branches

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36
Q

The ________ originates from 1st part of subclavian artery. Its course is divided into 4 parts.

– 1st (prevertebral) part • Runs superiorly and posteriorly from subclavian artery to transverse foramen of C6, between longus colli muscle (medial to artery) and scalenus anterior muscle (lateral to artery) • Inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion (or cervicothoracic/stellate ganglion) lies posterior to 1st part of vertebral artery – 2nd (cervical) part • Ascends through transverse foramina of C6 to C1, anterior to ventral rami of corresponding spinal nerves.

A

Vertebral Artery

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37
Q

The vertebral artery is divided into 4 parts:

A

– 1st (prevertebral) part
– 2nd (cervical) part
– 3rd (atlantic) part
– 4th (intracranial) part

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38
Q

The __________ part of the vertebral artery runs superiorly and posteriorly from subclavian artery to transverse foramen of C6, between longus colli muscle (medial to artery) and scalenus anterior muscle (lateral to artery). It is inferior to the cervical sympathetic ganglion (or cervicothoracic/stellate ganglion) and lies posterior to 1st part of vertebral artery.

A

1st (prevertebral)

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39
Q

The ______ ascends through the transverse foramina of C6 to C1, anterior to ventral rami of corresponding spinal nerves.

A

2nd (cervical) part of the vertebral artery

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40
Q

The _________ of the vertebral artery runs medially, posterior to lateral mass of atlas, and enters vertebral canal passing under the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane. It lies in a groove on the superior surface of the posterior arch of atlas and it is within the suboccipital triangle.

A

3rd (atlantic) part of the vertebral artery

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41
Q

The _______ of the vertebral artery pierces the dura mater and the arachnoid. It ascends into cranial cavity (within subarachnoid space) via the foramen magnum.

A

4th (intracranial) part of the vertebral artery

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42
Q

The ________ gives off major branches of vertebral artery.

A

4th (intracranial) part

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43
Q

The _______ gives off small muscular and spinal branches of the vertebral artery.

A

2nd (cervical) part

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44
Q

The _________ originates from the 1st part of the subclavian artery, just medial to scalenus anterior muscle, and opposite origin of internal thoracic artery. After a short course, it divides into inferior thyroid, superficial (transverse) cervical, and suprascapular arteries.

A

thyrocervical trunk

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45
Q

Thyrocervical Trunk
The ___________ contributes to supply larynx, trachea, pharynx, esophagus, thyroid and parathyroid glands. It ascends to the level of cricoid cartilage and then arches medially, posterior to carotid sheath, to reach lower part of lobe of the thyroid gland. As it approachesthe thyroid gland, it is closely related to ___________.

A

Inferior thyroid artery

recurrent laryngeal nerve

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46
Q

Thyrocervical Trunk
The ___________ originates from the inferior thyroid artery as it arches medially. It ascends on the scalenus anterior muscle and it supplies adjacent muscles and gives 1 or 2 spinal branches.

A

Ascending cervical artery

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47
Q

Thyrocervical Trunk
The _________ runs laterally and posteriorly, passing anterior to scalenus anterior, phrenic nerve, and brachial plexus. It supplies superficial muscles of upper back.

A

superficial (transverse) cervical artery

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48
Q

If dorsal scapular artery originates directly from the subclavian artery, the artery is called _____. It is known as _______ when it gives off the dorsal scapular artery.

A

superficial cervical

transverse cervical artery

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49
Q

Thyrocervical Trunk
The _________ runs parallel and inferior to superficial (transverse) cervical artery. As it approaches the scapula, it is joined by the suprascapular nerve.

A

Suprascapular artery

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50
Q

The _________ supplies muscles on posterior aspect of scapula.

A

Suprascapular artery

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51
Q

The ________ usually originates from 2nd part of subclavian artery. It passes posteriorly, over cervical pleura, toward the neck of the 1st rib, where it divides into supreme (superior) intercostal and deep cervical arteries.

A

costocervical trunk

52
Q

The costocervical trunk divides into what two arteries?

A

Supreme intercostal and deep cervical arteries

53
Q

The __________ descends in front of neck of 1st and 2nd ribs. It gives off posterior intercostal arteries of upper 2 intercostal spaces.

A

Supreme (superior) intercostal artery

54
Q

The __________ passes posteriorly, between transverse process of C7 and neck of 1st rib, ascends between semispinalis capitis and semispinalis cervicis muscles, then ends by anastomosing with a branch of occipital artery. It supplies deep muscles of back of neck.

A

deep cervical artery

55
Q

The __________ may originate from the transverse cervical artery or directly from the subclavian artery (usually 3rd part).

A

dorsal scapular artery

56
Q

____________ runs through the brachial plexus (above or below middle trunk) and passes deep to the levator scapulae to reach the superior angle of scapula. It descends along the medial border of scapula, deep to rhomboid muscles, with dorsal scapular nerve.

A

dorsal scapular artery

57
Q

The _______ supplies neighboring muscles and anastomoses with branches of the suprascapular artery and the subscapular artery.

A

dorsal scapular artery

58
Q

The suprascapular artery is a branch of the ______trunk. The subscapular artery is a branch of the _______.

A

thyrocervical trunk

axillary artery

59
Q

The ________ begins at lateral border of 1st rib, as a continuation of axillary vein. It passes over 1st rib, anterior and slightly inferior to subclavian artery (separated from it by scalenus anterior muscle). It ends posterior to sternoclavicular joint by joining the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.

A

subclavian vein

60
Q

The subclavian vein has only one constant tributary, the __________.

A

external jugular vein

61
Q

The vagus nerve contains ___ and ____ fibers.

A

motor and sensory fibers

62
Q

The vagus nerve originates from the ______ and exits skull through the ______.

A

medulla oblongata

jugular foramen

63
Q

The vagus nerve descends in the neck within the carotid sheath. It is first between the ______ and _____, and more inferiorly between the _____ and _____.

A

internal jugular vein and internal carotid artery

internal jugular vein and common carotid artery

64
Q

The vagus nerve has two sensory ganglia. What are they?

A

Superior ganglion: small, lies on vagus nerve within jugular foramen.

Inferior ganglion: larger, lies on vagus nerve just inferior to jugular foramen

65
Q

The vagus nerve _______ ganglion is small, lies on vagus nerve within jugular foramen.

A

Superior ganglion: small, lies on vagus nerve within jugular foramen.

66
Q

The vagus nerve _______ ganglion is larger, lies on vagus nerve just inferior to jugular foramen.

A

Inferior ganglion: larger, lies on vagus nerve just inferior to jugular foramen

67
Q

The vagus nerve branches within the jugular foramen.
What are the branches?
Meningeal branch • Supplies dura mater of posterior cranial fossa – Auricular branch • Runs within temporal bone and contributes to supply auricle, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane • Branches in neck – Pharyngeal branch • Supplies motor innervation to most muscles of pharynx and soft palate • Joins pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal nerve and superior cervical ganglion of sympathetic trunk to form pharyngeal plexus

A

Meningeal branch
Auricular branch

Think: Give the “jug” for MA. :)

68
Q

The _______ of the vagus nerve supplies dura mater of posterior cranial fossa.

A

meningeal branch

69
Q

The ______ of the vagus nerve runs within the temporal bone and contributes to supply auricle, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane.

A

auricular branch

70
Q

The vagus nerve has branches in neck and they are:

A

Pharyngeal branch
Superior laryngeal nerve
External laryngeal nerve
Cardiac branches

71
Q

The ______ of the vagus nerve supplies motor innervation to most muscles of pharynx and soft palate.

A

pharyngeal branch

72
Q

The pharyngeal branch joins the pharyngeal branches of the ______ and the ________ of the sympathetic trunk to form the pharyngeal plexus.

A

glossopharyngeal nerve
superior cervical ganglion
right recurrent laryngeal

73
Q

The superior laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve divides into internal and external laryngeal nerves.

A

superior laryngeal nerve

74
Q

The _________ (sensory). It pierces the thyrohyoid membrane with superior laryngeal vessels and it supplies sensory innervation to mucosa of the laryngopharynx, larynx (as far down as vocal folds), and small area on posterior part of tongue.

A

internal laryngeal nerve

75
Q

The ________ (motor) supplies the cricothyroid muscle, and part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle.

A

external laryngeal nerve

76
Q

The cardiac branches end in the _______.

A

cardiac plexus in thorax

77
Q

The _________ nerve curves around inferior aspect of right subclavian artery, close to its origin It ascends to the larynx in a groove between the trachea and esophagus, on the right side.

A

right recurrent laryngeal

78
Q

The accessory nerve contains _____ fibers. It originates from C1 to C5 segments of spinal cord and it
ascends in the vertebral canal, posterior to denticulate ligament.

A

motor

79
Q

The accessory nerve enters the posterior cranial fossa through the ______. After a short course, it exits posterior cranial fossa through _____ and it descends obliquely, lateral or medial, to internal jugular vein.

A

foramen magnum

jugular foramen

80
Q

The accessory nerve enters the deep surface of the _____ and supplies it. It emerges above the midpoint of the posterior border of the ______ and crosses the posterior triangle of neck (on levator scapulae). It then disappears under anterior border of trapezius to supply it.

A

sternocleidomastoid

81
Q

The hypoglossal nerve contains motor fibers that supply muscles of tongue. It originates from medulla oblongata and exits skull via hypoglossal canal. It descends between _______ and _____ to approximately level of angle of mandible.

A

internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein

82
Q

The hypoglossal nerve curves around ______ and turns forward.

A

occipital artery

83
Q

As the hypoglossal nerve runs anteriorly, toward the tongue, it passes superficial (lateral) to external carotid artery, origin of _____, and hyoglossus muscle, and it passes deep (medial) to posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles

A

lingual artery

84
Q

Opposite the atlas, the hypoglossal nerve is joined by fibers from ventral rami of C1 and C2 spinal nerves. These fibers supply motor innervation to ______ and _____, and sensory innervation to _______.

A

infrahyoid muscles and geniohyoid

dura mater of posterior cranial fossa

85
Q

What are branches of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Meningeal branch
Upper root of ansa cervicalis
Nerves to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid
Terminal branches supply intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue (except palatoglossus)

86
Q

The ______ arises from hypoglossal nerve within the hypoglossal canal. It supplies the dura mater of posterior cranial fossa and it contains sensory fibers from C1 and C2 spinal nerves.

A

meningeal branch

87
Q

_________ consists of C1 motor fibers.

A

Upper root of ansa cervicalis

88
Q

The nerves to _____ and ________ consist of C1 motor fibers.

A

thyrohyoid and geniohyoid

89
Q

______ supply intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue (except palatoglossus). They are the only branches that contain true hypoglossal fibers.

A

Terminal branches

90
Q

The cervical part of the sympathetic trunk is an ______ continuation of the thoracic sympathetic trunk. It lies posterior to carotid sheath and anterior to prevertebral muscles.

A

upward

91
Q

The cervical part of the sympathetic trunk receives no ______.

A

white communicating rami

92
Q

The preganglionic fibers for the cervical sympathetic ganglia originate from the __________. These fibers leave spinal cord in ____ spinal nerves.

A

the upper 4 thoracic segments of spinal cord

T1 to T4

93
Q

The cervical sympathetic ganglia enter the upper thoracic sympathetic trunk via ________. They ascend through sympathetic trunk to reach cervical ganglia.

A

white communicating rami

94
Q

The cervical sympathetic ganglia usually consists of 3 interconnected ganglia. What are they?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia

Sometimes a 4th (vertebral) ganglion is present on anterior aspect of vertebral artery, close to its origin.

95
Q

All branches that originate from the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia contain ______ sympathetic fibers.

A

postganglionic

96
Q

What is the largest cervical ganglion?

A

Superior Cervical Ganglion

97
Q

What are branches of the superior cervical ganglion?

A 
– Internal carotid nerve 
– External carotid nerves 
– Gray communicating rami to spinal nerves C1 to C4 
– Pharyngeal branches 
– Superior cervical cardiac nerve
98
Q

Branches of the Superior Cervical Ganglion

The ______ is a branch for the superior cervical ganglion. It is an upward continuation of superior cervical ganglion and it divides into branches that form a plexus around internal carotid artery and its branches.

A

internal carotid nerve

99
Q

Branches of the Superior Cervical Ganglion

The ______ join the external carotid artery. They form a plexus around external carotid artery and its branches.

A

external carotid nerves

100
Q

Branches of the Superior Cervical Ganglion

The pharyngeal branches join the pharyngeal branches of the _______ and ______ to form pharyngeal plexus.

A

glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

101
Q

Branches of the Superior Cervical Ganglion

The ________ ends in cardiac plexus.

A

superior cervical cardiac nerve

102
Q

What is the smallest and most variable of cervical ganglia?

A

Middle Cervical Ganglion

103
Q

The middle cervical ganglion commonly lies at the level of ________, close to arch of inferior thyroid artery.

A

cricoid cartilage

104
Q

What are the branches of the middle cervical ganglion?

A

Gray communicating rami for spinal nerves C5 and C6 Middle cervical cardiac nerve
Thyroid branches

105
Q

The inferior cervical ganglion commonly fuses with first thoracic ganglion to form ______.

A

cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion

106
Q

The _______ lies between the transverse process of C7 vertebra and the neck of the 1st rib, posterior to 1st part of vertebral artery.

A

inferior cervical ganglion

107
Q

What are the branches of the inferior cervical ganglion?

A

– Gray communicating rami to spinal nerves C7 and C8
– Branches that accompany vertebral and subclavian arteries
– Inferior cervical cardiac nerve which ends in cardiac plexus
– Ansa subclavia

108
Q

What is the ansa subclavian?

A

Thin nerve bundle connecting middle and inferior cervical ganglia that loops around subclavian artery

109
Q

The cervical plexus is formed by the ventral rami of C1 to C4 spinal nerves. C1 to C4 ventral rami are connected by nerve loops located anterior to origins of _________ and _________, and deep to _____.

A

levator scapulae and scalenus medius, and deep to sternocleidomastoid

110
Q

What are the Cervical Plexus Branches?

A

Cutaneous branches: lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical, and supraclavicular nerves
– Ansa cervicalis

111
Q

What are the Cervical Plexus Branches?

A

– Cutaneous branches: lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical, and supraclavicular nerves
– Ansa cervicalis
–Phrenic nerve (C3 to C5)
– Muscular branches

112
Q

Cervical Plexus Branches
The muscular branches supply the anterior vertebral muscles, _____, ________, ______(proprioceptive), and _______(proprioceptive).

A

scalenus medius, levator scapulae, trapezius (proprioceptive), and sternocleidomastoid (proprioceptive).

113
Q

The thyroid Gland is an endocrine gland that secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which stimulate metabolic rate. The thyroid gland It also secretes _____.

A

calcitonin, which lowers blood calcium levels

114
Q

The thyroid gland is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath, derived from _______ of deep cervical fascia, which attaches the gland to trachea and larynx (gland moves up and down with swallowing).

A

pretracheal layer

115
Q

Thyroid gland originates from endoderm of floor of _____ (in region where tongue develops). It migrates inferiorly to assume its final position in neck.

A

pharynx

116
Q

The thyroid gland’s point of origin is indicated on dorsal surface of tongue by _______. During its migration, thyroid gland remains connected to tongue by a narrow canal, ________ (later disappears).

A

foramen cecum

thyroglossal duct

117
Q

_________ are caused by persistence of a segment of thyroglossal duct. They are located in anterior midline of neck, usually close to hyoid bone.

A

Thyroglossal cysts

118
Q

What are the two parts of the thyroid gland?

A

Two lobes (right and left), isthmus, and pyramidal lobe (not always present)

Lobes are roughly pear-shaped
• Apex directed upward (reaches oblique line of thyroid cartilage)
• Base directed downward (reaches 4th or 5th tracheal cartilages)
– Isthmus extends across midline anterior to 2nd and 3rd tracheal cartilages
– Pyramidal lobe projects upward from isthmus

• Represents distal part of thyroglossal duct that does not disappear

119
Q

Thyroid Gland: Anatomical relations of lobes are:

A

– Anterolaterally: Sternothyroid (covers gland directly), sternohyoid, anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

– Posterolaterally: carotid sheath with its contents

– Medially: larynx, trachea, pharynx, esophagus, external laryngeal nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve

– Posterior border: parathyroid glands
• Anatomical relations of isthmus

– Anteriorly: sternothyroid, sternohyoid, anterior jugular vein

– Posteriorly: 2nd and 3rd tracheal cartilages

120
Q

What are the arteries of the thyroid gland?

A

– Superior thyroid artery (branch of external carotid artery)

– Inferior thyroid artery [branch of thyrocervical trunk (from 1st part of subclavian artery)]

– Thyroid ima (lowest) artery
• Present in approximately 10% of people
• Usually originates from brachiocephalic trunk or aortic arch
• Ascends on anterior surface of trachea to reach isthmus of thyroid gland
• Possible presence of this artery must be considered when performing procedures in midline of neck, inferior to isthmus

121
Q

What are the Thyroid Gland Veins?

A

–Superior and middle thyroid veins
• Drain into internal jugular vein

–Inferior thyroid vein
• Descends anterior to trachea and posterior to manubrium of sternum
• Drains into corresponding brachiocephalic vein (sometimes right and left inferior thyroid veins join to form a single trunk, which drains into left brachiocephalic vein)

122
Q

Parathyroid Glands are usually ____ in number (two superior and two inferior). They are flattened, oval bodies located on posterior aspect of lobes of thyroid gland, under its fascial sheath.

A

4 in number (2 superior and 2 inferior)

123
Q

Parathyroid Glands:

The _______ lie approximately at level of lower border of cricoid cartilage.

A

superior glands

124
Q

Parathyroid Glands:

The _________ lie near the inferior pole of lobes of thyroid gland. They are less constant in position; sometimes found below level of thyroid gland, even in superior mediastinum, close to thymus.

A

inferior glands

125
Q

Parathyroid Glands secrete _____ (parathyroid hormone). The parathyroid gland increase blood calcium levels. Their arterial supply are superior and inferior thyroid arteries. The parathyroid veins drain into the _________.

A

parathormone

thyroid venous plexus

Block 3 Anantomy (Head and Neck) (6 decks)

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