BLS

Question 1

It is a leading cause of death in

many parts of the world.

Answer 1

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)

Question 2

______ are the first manifestation of cardiac arrest in 25% of cases

Answer 2

Pulseless ventricular rhythms

Question 3

The goal of basic life support (BLS) is to restore ______ and ______ to victims of airway obstruction and respiratory or cardiac arrest.

Answer 3

ventilation, circulation

Question 4

BLS begins when a victim is found unresponsive and not

moving. t/f

Answer 4

True

Question 5

For ease of training, the lay rescuer should be taught to assume that a ______ is present if the unresponsive victim is not breathing or gasping.

Answer 5

cardiac arrest

Question 6

In _________, the carotid artery in the neck or femoral artery should be palpated

Answer 6

adults and children older than 1 year

Question 7

For ______, the brachial artery is preferred for assessing

pulselessness.

Answer 7

infants

Question 8

If the patient has a pulse but is not breathing,_______ must be started immediately, at the appropriate rate of _______. If no pulse is palpable,_______ must be interposed with ventilatory support

Answer 8

ventilation, 8 to 10 breaths/min (every 6 to 8 seconds), external chest compressions

Question 9

The rescuer manually compresses the _______ (for an adult patient) at a rate of 100 compressions/min. The duty cycle for downstroke and upstroke (release) is _____ with a ____ downstroke-to-upstroke ratio.

Answer 9

lower half of the sternum, 600 msec, 1:1

Question 10

Place the victim in a ____ on a firm surface, such as the ground or the floor, because chest compressions are more effective when the victim is on a firm surface. When victims are in bed or on a stretcher, place
a _____ under them. A cardiac arrest board is ideal, but a removable bed piece or food tray may have to be used.

Answer 10

supine position, board or tray

Question 11

In adults and children, compress the sternum ____ at a rate of 100
compressions/min

Answer 11

2 in (5 cm)

Question 12

If CPR must be interrupted for _______, resume chest compressions as quickly as possible. Compressions should not cease for more than ________

Answer 12

transportation or advanced life support measures, 5 seconds (30 seconds if the victim
is being intubated).

Question 13

As with an adult, identify the lower half of the sternum. Because the ________of younger children lie higher in the abdominal cavity, take special care to ensure proper positioning as described previously

Answer 13

liver and spleen

Question 14

Chest compressions are indicated if the neonate’s heart rate decreases to _______despite adequate ventilation with 100% oxygen (O2) for 30 seconds.

Answer 14

less than 60 beats/min

Question 15

For infants, compress the sternum approximately_______ at a

rate of at least 100 compressions/min.

Answer 15

1.5 in (4 cm)

Question 16

Neonatal chest compressions are delivered on the ________ to a depth of approximately _________ to achieve an approximate rate of 100 compressions/min

Answer 16

lower third of the sternum, one-third of the anteroposterior diameter of the chest

Question 17

Two methods to apply external chest compression to neonates

Answer 17

wrap around technique and two finger technique

Question 18

To use this method, the rescuer encircles the neonate’s chest with both hands and compresses the sternum with two thumbs, using the other fingers of both hands to support the neonate’s back. The rescuer should position the thumbs just below the victim’s _______, taking care not to compress the xiphoid process.

Answer 18

Wrap around technique, intermammary line

Question 19

After every how many compression, the neonate should receive a breath of 100% O2, coordinated with compressions to avoid simultaneous delivery. The second method, the two-finger technique, may have advantages when access to the _____ is required.

Answer 19

third, umbilicus

Question 20

Chest Compressions Under Special Circumstances

Answer 20

near-drowning, electrical shock, and implanted pacemakers and defibrillators

Question 21

when using an AED on such victims, pads should be placed ________ from the location of the implanted pacemaker or defibrillator

Answer 21

at least 1 inch

Question 22

Compressions should be done on a victim with an implanted pacemaker or defibrillator in essentially the same way they are done on other victims. These devices are generally located in the _______

Answer 22

upper left chest or occasionally in the abdomen

Question 23

Electrical shock can cause either cardiac or respiratory arrest. Cardiac arrest is caused by ________. A respiratory arrest may occur secondary to _______

Answer 23

ventricular fibrillation (VF), paralysis of ventilatory muscles

Question 24

________ should be employed when

moving the patient.

Answer 24

Manual in-line spinal motion restriction

Question 25

The most common cause of airway obstruction is______ which causes the tongue to fall back into the pharynx, blocking airflow.

Answer 25

loss of muscle tone,

Question 26

What are the two methods in positioning the head of the victim

Answer 26

head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver

Question 27

The______ is the primary procedure recommended for a layperson when spinal trauma is not suspected

Answer 27

head-tilt/chin-lift method

Question 28

The _______ is used mainly by trained clinicians when spinal neck injuries are suspected and is no longer recommended by the AHA for _______

Answer 28

jaw thrust, lay rescuers

Question 29

Research supports using ______ rather than motion restriction devices that may complicate airway management during CPR

Answer 29

manual in-line spinal immobilization

Question 30

_______ can cause increased intracranial pressure in a | patient with a head injury.

Answer 30

Cervical collars

Question 31

Before attempting to provide artificial ventilation, the rescuer should assess for the presence of _______

Answer 31

breathing

Question 32

To determine breathlessness, the rescuer places his or her _________ while simultaneously observing for _______

Answer 32

ear over the victim’s mouth and nose, spontaneous chest movement

Question 33

Breathlessness exists if no _________ are present or only gasping is present. This evaluation should take no longer than ______seconds to complete.

Answer 33

chest movement or breath sounds,3 to 5

Question 34

During the respiratory arrest, the victim must be provided with O2 within ______, or biological death follows.

Answer 34

4 to 6 minutes

Question 35

The rescuer can restore the O2 supply to the victim’s lungs by exhaling into the victim’s _________

Answer 35

mouth, nose, or tracheal stoma

Question 36

To Mouth-to-Mouth Ventilation, the rescuer must take a slightly deeper than normal breath (how many mL) and exhale directly into the victim’s mouth for over 1 second to produce a visible chest rise.

Answer 36

700 to 1000 ml

Question 37

Exhaled air provides approximately_____ O2, which is sufficient to achieve an arterial oxygen tension _____

Answer 37

16%, (PaO2) of 50 to 60 mm Hg

Question 38

A tidal volume (VT) between _____ and _____ is ideal for most adults. A VT of _____ should be delivered when chest compressions are being administered.

Answer 38

700 ml and 1000 ml, 500 ml

Question 39

During resuscitation of a victim of cardiac arrest, ____ should be given over a period of 1 second each.

Answer 39

two breaths

Question 40

Excessive volumes (>500 ml) or an inspiratory rate that is too fast (>8 to 10 breaths/min) must be avoided because this can push air into the stomach causing ______

Answer 40

gastric inflation and increasing intrathoracic pressure

Question 41

Increased intrathoracic pressure can decrease ______

Answer 41

coronary and cerebral perfusion.

Question 42

Adults. Assuming mouth-to-mouth ventilation is successful and the patient remains apneic, continue the effort at a rate of one breath every_______ to maintain the minimal adult rate of ____

Answer 42

6 to 7 seconds, 8 to 10 breaths/min

Question 43

The infant’s head should be extended only slightly, or it should be tilted back gently into a ______ when the head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver is used.

Answer 43

neutral position

Question 44

Infants and children. Assuming mouth-to-mouth ventilation is successful and the child remains apneic, continue to provide one breath every ______ to maintain a rate of_______

Answer 44

3 to 5 seconds, 12 to 20 breaths/min.

Question 45

Mouth-to-mouth ventilation cannot be performed in some situations; these include _______ and _______

Answer 45

trismus, traumatic jaw or mouth injury

Question 46

involuntary contraction of the jaw muscles, also known as lockjaw

Answer 46

trismus

Question 47

Place the victim on his or her back with the neck in _________

Answer 47

vertical alignment

Question 48

If the tube is uncuffed, the mouth and nose may need to be sealed off with your _______, using a _______ to create an adequate peristomal seal for bag-mask ventilation.

Answer 48

hand or a tight-fitting face mask, pediatric face mask

Question 49

When performing CPR alone, the lay rescuer must remember to give ________ to adults, children, and infants until an AED arrives.

Answer 49

only compressions

Question 50

When two rescuers are available, the second rescuer _________. The other rescuer administers _______

Answer 50

ventilates and evaluates the effectiveness of CPR, cardiac compressions.

Question 51

For an _______, the compression-to-ventilation ratio is the same as for a single rescuer (30:2)

Answer 51

adult and child

Question 52

In infants, two rescuers should use a compression-to ventilation ratio of ________ Each breath is delivered over a ______ with exhalation occurring on the next compression.

Answer 52

3:1 with 90 compressions and 30 breaths delivered per minute (120 events/min), half-second

Question 53

To provide rest for the individual delivering cardiac compressions, the rescuers should change positions every ______ (approximately _______).

Answer 53

five cycles, 2 minutes

Question 54

The switch should be accomplished in less than ______

Answer 54

5 seconds

Question 55

The goal is to ______ without fatigue diminishing that goal.

Answer 55

push “hard and fast” at a rate of 100/min

Question 56

Since 1990, the AHA has recommended adding a fourth step to the treatment of cardiac arrest. This step involves ______ after CPR has been initiated.

Answer 56

early defibrillation

Question 57

The most common initial rhythm in witnessed sudden | cardiac arrest is _____

Answer 57

VF

Question 58

The treatment for VF is______

Answer 58

electrical defibrillation

Question 59

Studies have shown that survival rates are highest when immediate bystander CPR is provided and defibrillation occurs________.

Answer 59

within 5 minutes after SCA

Question 60

This step should be initiated within ______ of when | CPR is begun.

Answer 60

2 minutes

Question 61

VF cardiac arrest is less common in _______ and accounts for 5% to 15% of pediatric and adolescent arrests.

Answer 61

children than adults

Question 62

The AHA recommends use of an AED for children older than 1 year who are in cardiac arrest and encourages the use of a______ if one is available.

Answer 62

pediatric dose-attenuator system

Question 63

The standard doses recommended by the AHA for manual defibrillation of children are_____ for the first attempt and _____ for subsequent attempts.

Answer 63

2 J/kg, 4 J/kg

Question 64

If the message reads “No shock indicated,” CPR should be performed for _____, and then the rhythm analysis should be repeated

Answer 64

1 to 2 minutes

Question 65

A 1- to 2-minute period of CPR after a no-shock prompt from the AED delivers O2 and metabolic substrates to the _____, increasing the probability that a perfusing rhythm will occur

Answer 65

myocardium

Question 66

Immediate recognition and quick activation of EMS

Answer 66

Early access

Question 67

Buys time for accessing an AED and improves the chances that defibrillation will be effective

Answer 67

early CPR

Question 68

Provides the best chance to return the heart to normal rhythm

Answer 68

Early defibrillation

Question 69

help sustain the chance of recovery and survival

Answer 69

ACLS

Question 70

Increase the likelihood of long-term survival

Answer 70

PCAC

Question 71

Definite signs of death

Answer 71

Pallor mortis, Algor Mortis, Rigor mortis, Livor mortis, Decomposition, decapitation, death in erection

Question 72

Cooling of the body after death/second phase of death

Answer 72

algor mortis

Question 73

death by muscle stiff

Answer 73

rigir mortis

Question 74

Foreign bodies may cause partial or complete obstruction.________ may allow nearly adequate air exchange, in which case the patient remains conscious and coughing.

Answer 74

Partial obstruction

Question 75

With a completely obstructed airway, the patient commonly _________. This is known as the universal distress signal for foreign body obstruction.

Answer 75

clutches at his or her throat

Question 76

Forceful thrusts applied to the______ can dislodge an obstruction caused by a food bolus, vomitus, or other foreign body.

Answer 76

epigastrium

Question 77

Internal Organ Damage. The major hazard associated with abdominal thrusts that are performed when an individual has _______ is possible to damage to internal organs, such as laceration or rupture of abdominal or thoracic viscera.

Answer 77

choked and lost consciousness