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3rd Year - Module 5 > BLS and medical emergencies > Flashcards

BLS and medical emergencies Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an atherosclerosis?

A

potentially serious condition where arteries become clogged with fatty substances called plaques or atheroma

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2
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

death of heart muscle

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3
Q

What is the common word for cerebral infarction?

A

stroke

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4
Q

What does infarction mean?

A

tissue death

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5
Q

What is an example of periphery infarction?

A

gangrene of legs

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6
Q

What is a type of gut infarction which is often fatal?

A

mesenteric infarction

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7
Q

What is hypercholesterolaemia?

A

high cholesterol

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8
Q

Blood pressure is stated as what?

A

systolic/diastolic

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9
Q

What is a systolic movement?

A

heart pumping

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10
Q

What is a diastolic movement?

A

heart relaxing

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11
Q

Where does the heartbeat originate?

A

sinoatrial node

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12
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

abnormal cardiac rhythm

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13
Q

What is atrial fibrillation and what is it an example of?

A

abnormal electrical impulses suddenly start firing in the atria causing highly irregular pulse rate
type of arrhythmia

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14
Q

What is a tachyarrhythmia ?

A

irregular cardiac rhythm - too fast

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15
Q

What is Bradyarrhythmia?

A

irregular cardiac rhythm - too slow

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16
Q

What is asystole?

A

complete absence of electrical activity in the heart

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17
Q

What are pacemakers often placed to compensate for?

A

Bradyarrhythmia

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18
Q

Adrenaline in LA should be used with caution in patients with what heart condition?

A

Arrhythmia and heart failure

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19
Q

What is SVT and is it normally serious?

A

Supraventricular tachycardia is a condition where your heart suddenly beats much faster than normal. Many patients know how to self terminate but can be more dangerous if people have other heart conditions

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20
Q

What is the most common type of arrhythmia?

A

atrial fibrillation

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21
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

abnormal electrical impulses suddenly start firing in the atria which causes you to have a highly irregular pulse rate

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22
Q

What are the most dangerous cardiac arrhythmias?

A

ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia

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23
Q

What do you call an arrhythmia where the heart rate is too slow?

A

Bradyarrhythmia

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24
Q

What do you call an arrhythmia where the heart rate is too high?

A

Tachyarrhythmia

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25
What is the treatment for ventricular fibrillation?
start CPR, rapid defibrillation, phone 999
26
Where on the body will you most often find a pacemaker?
left upper chest wall, below the clavicle
27
What does ICD stand for?
implantable cardioverter defibrillator
28
What is peripheral vascular disease?
atherosclerosis affecting peripheral vessels
29
What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
swelling of aorta due to damage to vessel wall from atherosclerosis
30
What is the number 1 cause of mortality in the Western World?
Ischaemic heart disease
31
What is ischaemic heart disease also known as and what are its symptoms?
stable angina due to narrowing of coronary arteries by atherosclerosis
32
What are two anti-platelet drugs used to treat stable angina?
clopidogrel, aspirin
33
What are two types of acute coronary syndrome?
1) unstable angina (myocardial ischaemia) 2) myocardial infarction
34
In the management of acute coronary syndrome, what are the stages involved?
call 999 sit patient up give high flow oxygen give GTN spray - 2 sprays sublingually up to 3 doses 5mins apart give 300mg aspirin
35
What is the most common symptom in people with peripheral vascular disease?
intermittent claudication, pain in calves while walking
36
There is a UK screening programme for abdominal aortic aneurysm, what demographic does it target?
men over 65
37
Where can angina pain be felt?
centre of chest indigestion back pain jaw pain arm pain
38
In a person having angina, what is the dose of GTN spray and how is it administered?
2 puffs GTN sublingually, 5 mins apart up to 3 doses
39
What is the emergency dental treatment of a person having a myocardial infarction?
999 sit up oxygen GTN Aspirin
40
Where is the aortic valve?
LHS - between ventricle and aorta
41
Where is the mitral valve?
LHS - between atrium and ventricle
42
Where is the tricuspid valve?
RHS - between atrium and ventricle
43
Where is the pulmonary valve?
RHS - between ventricle and pulmonary artery
44
What is the most common cause of valvular heart disease?
ageing
45
Everyone with a valve replacement needs lifelong anticoagulation - T or F?
false - all mechanical valves require lifelong anticoagulation. Biological do not (eg. porcine valves) do not.
46
What is the target INR for a person with a mechanical valve replacement?
Range 2.5-4 depending on patient and valve factors
47
A person with an atrial septal defect should get antibiotic prophylaxis prior to dental treatment - T or F?
false
48
What are three causes of heart failure?
dilated cardiomyopathy ischaemic heart disease atrial fibrillation
49
What medicines are commonly prescribed in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?
loop diuretics - mainstay of symptom control treatment angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors - always beta blockers - always if tolerated
50
Postural hypotension is common in people with heart disease - T or F?
true due to many medications that reduce BP
51
People with heart failure may experience orthopnoea and may not be able to lie flat - T of F?
true
52
What is orthopnoea?
shortness of breath that occurs while lying flat and is relieved by sitting or standing
53
What is a normal heart rate?
between 60 and 100bpm
54
What is a normal blood pressure?
90/60 mm Hg to 120/80 mm Hg
55
What is a normal breathing rate?
12 to 18 breaths per minute
56
What is a normal body temperature?
roughly 37 degrees C
57
What is a normal INR level?
1.1 or below is considered normal
58
What is the INR level?
measures the time for the blood to clot
59
What is an effective therapeutic INR level for people taking warfarin?
2.0 to 3.0 is generally an effective therapeutic range for people taking warfarin for certain disorders.
60
What is a normal oxygen saturation?
95-100%
61
What does ABCDE stand for?
Airways Breathing Circulation Disability Exposure
62
What does the AVPCU scale stand for?
Alert Verbal Pain Confusion (new) Unresponsive
63
What is the emergency treatment of a seizure over 5 mins or repeated seizures?
high flow oxygen midazolam oromucosal solution 10mg buccally 999 if needed
64
What does FAST stand for relating to cerebral infarction?
Face Arms Speech Time
65
What is a pneumothorax?
when lung lining punctures and air escapes into pleural space
66
How do you treat asthma in the dental setting?
ABCDE approach give salbutamol inhaler - 2 puffs with spacer phone 999 high flow oxygen salbutamol 5mg nebuliser or 2-10 puffs via spacer repeat salbutamol every 10 mins
67
What are the markers of acute severe asthma?
1) PEFR 33-50% predicted 2) resp rate over 25/min 3) HR >110bpm 4) inability to complete sentences in one breath
68
What dose of Salbutamol inhaler should be given in an acute asthma attack in your dental surgery?
initially 2 puffs via metered dose inhaler if no response - call 999, oxygen flow, salbutamol 5mg nebulised or 2-10 puffs via MDI
69
How would you manage acute breathlessness in a person with COPD in your surgery?
ABCDE salbutamol 2 puffs via spacer oxygen to maintain sats at 88-92% may need to hospitalise
70
How is COPD different to asthma?
irreversible airway obstruction chronic cough common persistent and progressive breathlessness aetiology is usually inhalation of toxins - smoking, air pollution
71
What inhalers are used in COPD?
SABA, LABA, LAMA, ICS
72
What does HbA1c measure?
measures the amount of blood sugar (glucose) attached to your hemoglobin
73
What is a normal HbA1c level?
>48mmol/mol
74
What is arthritis?
inflammation of joints
75
What is arthrosis?
non-inflammation joint disease
76
What is arthralgia?
joint pain

3rd Year - Module 5 (12 decks)

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