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Question 1

which nerve innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue general sensory

Answer 1

lingual (trigeminal)

Question 2

which nerve innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue special sensory

Answer 2

chorda tympanum (facial)

Question 3

which nerve innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue motor

Answer 3

hypoglossal

Question 4

which is the only lingual muscle not innervated by the hypoglossal and which nerve innervates it

Answer 4

Palatoglossus - vagus

associated iwth the soft palate

Question 5

which is the only lingual muscle not innervated by the hypoglossal and which nerve innervates it

Answer 5

Palatoglossus - vagus

associated iwth the soft palate

Question 6

which nerve innervates the posterior third of the tongue - special sensory

Answer 6

glossopharyngeal

Question 7

what does vitamin K do

Answer 7

clotting

Question 8

why antibiotics bad with warfarin

Answer 8

microbiome makes vit K, warfarin thins blood

Question 9

what is vit b9

Answer 9

folate

Question 10

sources of b9

Answer 10

animal sources

Question 11

water soluble vits

Answer 11

b and c

Question 12

fat soluble vits

Answer 12

adek

Question 13

where are most vits absorbed

Answer 13

jejunum

Question 14

what is absorbed in the duodenum

Answer 14

cations

Question 15

how is vit b12 absorbed

Answer 15

haptocorrin intrinsic factor from stomach, acidic pepsin environment, transcobalamin in distal ileum, endocytosis of complex, 50% to liver

Question 16

what are the branches of teh coeliac trunk

Answer 16

left gastric, common hepatic, splenic

Question 17

what are the branches of the left gastric

Answer 17

oesophageal branches

Question 18

what are the branches of common hepatic

Answer 18

hepatic artery proper, gastroduodenal, right gastric

Question 19

how do you identify gastroduodenal

Answer 19

goes down at a right angle

Question 20

what are the splenic artery branches

Answer 20

short gastric, left gastroepiploic

Question 21

what comes off gastroduodenal artery (2)

Answer 21

right gastroepiploic, superior pancreaticoduodenal

Question 22

what comes off the superior mesenteric artery

Answer 22

jejunal and ileal branches, MRI colic

Question 23

what does the marginal artery innervate

Answer 23

splenic flexure of LI

Question 24

what do the jejunal arteries look like

Answer 24

long vasa recta, few low arcades

Question 25

what do the ileal arteries look like

Answer 25

short vasa recta, loads of arcades

Question 26

where are the ileal and jejunal arteries

Answer 26

inside the mesentary

Question 27

peritoneum between liver and diaphragm

Answer 27

coronary ligament

Question 28

peritoneum between liver and stomach

Answer 28

lesser omentum

Question 29

gap in lesser omentum to access the lesser sacv

Answer 29

epiploic foramen

Question 30

what is inside the hepatoduodenal ligament

Answer 30

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery proper, common bile duct

Question 31

what is three things inside the hepatoduodenal ligament called

Answer 31

portal triad

Question 32

what are the immune cells inside liver sinusoids called

Answer 32

Kupffer cells

Question 33

what do kupffer cells look like and where are they

Answer 33

inside the endothelium of the sinusoids

Question 34

what is vit b3

Answer 34

niacin

Question 35

what is the pathology of niacin deficiency

Answer 35

pellagra

Question 36

what are the symptoms of pellagra

Answer 36

DDDD Dermatitis dementia diarrhoea death

Question 37

vit b1 is??

Answer 37

thiamin

Question 38

what is intrinsic factor deficiency

Answer 38

pernicious anaemia

Question 39

what sort of anaemia is pernicious anaemia

Answer 39

macrocytic (megaloblastic) anaemia

Question 40

how do you diagnose pancreatitid

Answer 40

too much amylase or lipase in the blood

Question 41

what is the first enzyme released that activates trypsin

Answer 41

enterokinase

Question 42

where are brunners glands

Answer 42

duodenum

Question 43

what are the gastric pit cells and what do they secrete

Answer 43

parietal - HCl and intrinsic factor chief - pepsinogen and gastric lipase G - gastrin S - secretin (stimulates G cels) ECL (muffin cells) - histamine D cells - somatostatin (shuts the whoel thing down)

Question 44

how do you identify duodenum in histology

Answer 44

brunners glands

Question 45

what are the 3 layers of anterior abdominal muscle

Answer 45

rectus abdominus internal oblique, external oblique transverse abdominus

Question 46

what is the direction of internal oblique fibres

Answer 46

anterior to superior

Question 47

what are the attachments of the abdominal aponeurosis

Answer 47

ASIS and pubic tubercle

Question 48

what passes under inguinal ligament

Answer 48

femoral nerve artery vein

Question 49

how do yu get ricketts

Answer 49

Vit D deficiency

Question 50

what's the adult version of ricketts

Answer 50

osteomalacia

Question 51

what's vitamin a deficiency

Answer 51

eye problems, night blindness, xerophthalmia - dry spots

Question 52

when is vit A supplement absolutely contraindicated

Answer 52

pregnancy - teratogen

Question 53

how do people normally get vit A toxicity

Answer 53

too much supplements

Question 54

acute vit A toxicity symptoms

Answer 54

increased intracranial pressure

Question 55

acute vit A toxicity symptoms

Answer 55

increased intracranial pressure

Question 56

acute vit A toxicity symptoms

Answer 56

increased intracranial pressure

Question 57

acute vit A toxicity symptoms

Answer 57

increased intracranial pressure

Question 58

chronic vit A toxicity

Answer 58

eyebrow alopoecia

Question 59

what is iodine used for

Answer 59

sysnthesis of thyroid hormones

Question 60

what happens in utero if iodine deficiency

Answer 60

poor cognition def mute poor MSK development more abortion more stillbirth

Question 61

what is intestines born outside the baby called

Answer 61

omphalocele

Question 62

what is in the greater omentum

Answer 62

fat and epiploic arteries

Question 63

what vitamin is TPP derived from

Answer 63

thiamin (B1)

Question 64

what is the role of thiamine in the link reaction

Answer 64

co factor to PDC

Question 65

what is a pathology associated with thiamin deficeincy

Answer 65

beri beri

Question 66

what are the 2 sorts of beri beri and what do they do

Answer 66

wet - cardiovascular dry - neuropathic

Question 67

what is the triad of Wernicke's Encephalopathy

Answer 67

ophthalmoplegia (normally lateral nystagmus) ataxia confusion

Question 68

when do you get Wernicke encephalopathy

Answer 68

beri beri

Question 69

when do you get korsakoff syndrome

Answer 69

alcohol abuse induced malnutrition

Question 70

which cells have GLUT1 transporters

Answer 70

all

Question 71

which cells have GLUT2 transporters

Answer 71

liver, SI, pancreas

Question 72

what is unique about GLUT2 transporters

Answer 72

high Km, therefore glucose sensors

Question 73

what cells have GLUT4 transporters

Answer 73

muscle and adipose tissue

Question 74

what 2 molecules modulate the ileal brake

Answer 74

**PYY and GLP-1 promote satiety and slows the further emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum.**

Question 75

What glucose transporter is described here: Found in the brain, neurons, sperm + is insulin independent, has low Km and high affinity?

Answer 75

GLUT 3