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NURSING > BM1011 > Flashcards

BM1011 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main cation found inside cells?

A

Potassium.

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2
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A
  • Epithelium.
  • Connective.
  • Muscle.
  • Nervous.
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3
Q

What are the roles and characteristics of connective tissue?

A
  • Made up of a matrix consisting of living cells and non-living substance, called ground substance. The ground substance is made up of an organic substance (usually a protein) and an inorganic substance (usually mineral or water).
  • The principal of connective tissue is the fibroblast.
  • Loose, dense, bone, blood, protein and liquid.
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4
Q

What are the roles and characteristics of muscle tissue?

A

Composed of cells that shorten or contract to produce movement.

  • 3 types of muscle tissue: Skeletal, smooth and cardiac.
  • Skeletal: Attached to bones and allows movement.
  • Smooth: Found in the digestive tract, uterus and blood vessels, arteries.
  • Cardiac: Specific to the heart.
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5
Q

What are the roles and characteristics of nervous tissue?

A
  • Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
  • Gives electrical signals to the muscle.
  • Coordinating and controlling body activities.
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6
Q

What elements that make up a protein?

A

-Carbon.
-Hydrogen.
-Oxygen.
-Nitrogen.
(CHON).

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7
Q

What elements make up fats?

A

-Carbon.
-Hydrogen.
-Oxygen.
(CHO).

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8
Q

What elements make up carbohydrates?

A

-Carbon.
-Hydrogen.
-Oxygen.
(CHO).

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9
Q

Are proteins polar or non-polar?

A

Non-polar.

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10
Q

Are fats polar or non-polar?

A

Non-polar.

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11
Q

Are carbohydrates polar or non-polar?

A

Polar.

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12
Q

What does polar and non-polar mean?

A

Polar means oppositely charged, whereas non-polar means equally charged.

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13
Q

What is the role of proteins in the body?

A

Proteins do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs.

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14
Q

What is the role of fats in the body?

A

Fat helps the body absorb vitamin A, vitamin B and vitamin E.

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15
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates in the body?

A

Carbohydrates provide the body with glucose, which is converted to energy used to support bodily functions and physical activity.

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16
Q

What are the roles and characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

-Made up of keratinocytes.
-Covers the whole body and lines the chambers and outside of the heart.
Cellularity, polarity, attachment, vascularity and regeneration.

17
Q

What are the three main parts of a cell?

A

Cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm.

18
Q

What are the two major stages to making a protein?

A

Transcription and translation.

19
Q

What is the first step of making a protein?

A

Transcription.

DNA sequence is transcribed (or copied) into RNA molecule with the help of enzyme RNA polymerase.

20
Q

What is the second step of making a protein?

A

Translation.

Cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA).

21
Q

What is the role of enzyme RNA polymerase?

A

Enzyme responsible for copying a DNA sequence into RNA sequence, during the process of transcription.

22
Q

What is the role of ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate.

Energy carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things.

23
Q

How do nervous signals make muscles contract?

A

Nervous system signal reaches neuromuscular junction,
a chemical message is released by the motor neuron. Neurotransmitter called acetylcholine binds to receptors on the outside of the muscle fiber.

24
Q

How do nervous signals control organs?

A

The nervous system uses specialised cells called neurons to send signals or messages all over the body. These electrical signals travel between the brain, skin, organs, glands and muscles.

25
Q

What is the role of the nucleus?

A
  • Control centre of the cell, controls and regulates the activities of the cell.
  • Carries genes.
  • Contain DNA that facilitates transcription and translation.
26
Q

What is the role of the mitochondria?

A
  • Powerhouse of the cell.
  • Production of ATP (energy).
  • Calcium balance.
  • Cell death and renewal.
27
Q

What is the role of the lysosomes?

A

Responsible for breaking down cellular waste.

28
Q

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function.

- Smooth or rough.

29
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex?

A

A factory in which proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are processed and sorted for transport to destinations such as lysosomes, plasma membranes or secretion.

30
Q

What is the role of ribosomes?

A

The site of protein synthesis in the cell.

31
Q

What organelles are involved in protein synthesis?

A

The nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.

32
Q

How is the protein transported to its target site?

A
  • Transport through the endomembrane system.
  • Most proteins are transported to the Golgi apparatus in membrane vesicles.
  • Some proteins need to stay in the endoplasmic reticulum and do their jobs there.
33
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype: A person’s unique sequence of DNA.
Phenotype: Think ‘P’ for ‘physical’. An individual’s observable traits such as eye colour.

34
Q

What organelle does the translation of messenger RNA into peptide sequence occur?

A

Ribosomes.

35
Q

DNA is made up of ____, each of which codes for a/an ____.

A

Amino acid.

Triplets.

36
Q

What ion is responsible for stimulating vesicle binding in the axon terminals to stimulate neurotransmitter release?

A

Calcium.

37
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system decrease?

A

Gastrointestinal function.

NURSING (2 decks)

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