BMEN EXAM 1

Question 1

What is a Biomedical Engineer

Answer 1

A biomedical engineer applies electrical, chemical, optical, mechanical, and other engineering principles to understand, modify, or control biological systems with the goal of overall enhancement of health care.

Question 2

Ethics

Answer 2

The study of right and wrong, of good and evil in human conduct

Question 3

Two schools of ethical theory

Answer 3

Consequentialism and Non-consequentialism

Question 4

Consequentialism

Answer 4

Actions are good or bad depending on the outcome

EX: Accidentally robbing a criminal, bad intent but positive cosequence

Question 5

Non-consequentialism

Answer 5

Ethics do not depend on the outcome

Robbing someone is wrong no matter what

Question 6

Storage Lipids

Answer 6

Serve as long term energy reserve; fats and oils are storage lipids

Question 7

Membrane lipids

Answer 7

Membrane lipids are thin, semi-permeable barriers that surround cells and cellular organelles. Membrane lipids play crucial roles in maintaining the structural integrity and functionality of membranes, as well as in regulating various cellular processes. Phospholipids and sterols.

Question 8

Shape and Size of Nanoparticles

Answer 8

1: High surface to volume ratio (ease of drug storage)
2: Diffuse well through body

Question 9

How do nanoparticles factor into vaccines?

Answer 9

The use of endosomal escape
1) Internalization into endosome: therapeutic molecules along with carrier systm are internalized into cells via endocytosis.

2) Maturation of endosomes: vesicles pass through early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes in which the pH is decreasing causing acidification of endosomal lumen
3) Escape from Late Endosomes: molecules escape from the late endosomes before they fuse with lysosome.
4) pH-triggered membrane destabilization; protein domains have pH responsive properties that enable them to undergo conformational change, causing the integrity of the cell to changes
5) membrane fusion;promotes fusion of endosomal and carrier membranes and allowing the release of cargo into cytoplasm
6) Osmotic swelling:
7) Cytoplasmic release

Question 10

endocytosis

Answer 10

cellular process by which cells engulf extracellular materials by forming vesicles derived from the plasma membrane

Question 11

What cells in the body do not have the same genetic material

Answer 11

germline cells

Question 12

Transcription

Answer 12

converts DNA into mRNA

Question 13

Translation

Answer 13

decodes mRNA into amino acids, forming proteins essential for life

Question 14

How does CRISPR/CAS 9 work

Answer 14

1)Single guide RNA helps CRSIPR/CAS 9 system locate and bind to target DNA
2) TracrRNA Trans activating RNA scaffold for CAS9 binding
3) CRISPR RNA: RNA sequence complementary to the target DNA sequence
4) PAM protospacer adjacement motif: secondary identifier downstream of the target DNA sequence

Question 15

Gene Replacement Therapy

Answer 15

replace mutated gene with a healthy gene

Question 16

Gene addition

Answer 16

infectious disease; introduces a new gene to help fight a disease, often to supplement a targeted therapeutic agent

Question 17

Gene inhibition of knockdown

Answer 17

Inactivating mutated gene that is overproducing its produce by targeting RNA

Question 18

Gene editing

Answer 18

make a targeted change to the gene sequence

Question 19

Classes of amino acids

Answer 19

nonpolar
polar
basic positively charged
acidic negatively charged

Question 20

Six functions of proteins

Answer 20

Defense antibodies
Transport (calcium pump)
Communication (insulin receptor)
Structure (collagen)
Storage (ferritin)
Enzymes (amylase)

Question 21

What is protein engineering

Answer 21

modifying protein structure using recombinant DNA technology or chemical treatment to achieve a desirable function. Optimizing protein properties

Question 22

Site-directed mutagenesis

Answer 22

introduces mutation at specific location in the gene

Question 23

Random mutagenesis

Answer 23

introduces random mutations at a specified position or throughout the gene of interest

Question 24

Why can’t cells other than stem cells differentiate into various tissues

Answer 24

-Gene expression is highly
regulated after cell
differentiation
- May be possible to
dedifferentiate mature
cells back into a
progenitor state

Question 25

4 stages of immune response

Answer 25

establishment of infection
inductive phase
effector phase
memory phase

Question 26

Cell Surface Receptors

Answer 26

proteins that bind to signaling molecules, such as hormones or growth factors, initiating cellular reponses

Question 27

Non-specific immune cells

Answer 27

first line of defense
White blood cells

Question 28

Specific immune cells

Answer 28

B cell and Ab production
T cell stimulation
Memory functions

Question 29

Helper T cells

Answer 29

assist other lymphocytes by aiding in the maturation of B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells

Question 30

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 30

destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells
Recognize short peopetieds on MHC class 1
Clonal celection
activated cytotoxic t cells
lethal hit
target cell dies

Question 31

B cells produce

Answer 31

antibiodies and antibodies are immunoglobins

Question 32

antigen

Answer 32

usually a protein or peptide, is the target of the antibody

Question 33

Epitope

Answer 33

the precise point of interaction is bwtween a small region of the antigen, and the recognition sites found on the arms of the antibody

Question 34

3E Hypothesis of Cancer

Answer 34

Elimination of malignant cells by innate or aquired immune effectors

Equilibrium between cancer cells and the local immune response

Escape of cancer cells from immune control
a) selection of non-immunogenic cancer cells
b) inhibition of the local immine response