BMS 321:MED MICRO TEST #2 Flashcards by Katherine Herring Herring

Which of the following is a diagnostic of Mycoplasma pneumonia?
A. CXR that shows severe infiltration
B. Gram stain
C. MRI
D. All of the above are true
E. None of the above are true

gram stain

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Which of the following bacteria cause hospital acquired pneumonia?
A. Haemophilus influenza
B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
C. Hepatitis C
D. All of the above are true
E. None of the above are true

none of the above

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Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding Haemophilus influenzae?
A. Routine vaccination of children with the vaccine for the type B strain of this organism
(HIB vaccine) has helped prevent infections caused by this pathogen.
B. This organism is able to cause meningitis, pneumonia, and ear infections.
C. This organism produces a protease that is able to destroy one type of IgA.
D. All of the above are true
E. None of the above are true

All of the above

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Which of the following virulence factors do microbes possess in order to survive the host
defenses of the pulmonary system?
A. Capsules
B. Toxins
C. Facultative intracellular parasitism
D. All of the above are true
E. None of the above are true

all of the aboven

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Which of the following organisms is a fungus that is commonly found in the environment
and soil of the Southeastern US?
A. Pneumocystis jiroveci
B. Legionella pneumophila
C. Histoplasma capsulatum
D. Cornebacterium dyptheriae
E. Blastomyces dermitidis

histoplasma capsulatum

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Which of the following microbes is responsible for the re-emerging pulmonary infection?
A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B. Candida albicans
C. Actinomyces spp.
D. Mycoplasma pneumonia
E. None of the above

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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Which of the following is NOT true regarding ear infections
A. The presence of fluid in the air can provide an ideal environment for the
development of a bacterial ear infection
B. Gram (-) rods (like Pseudomonas aeruginosa) are the typical causes of Otitis
Externa
C. A middle ear infection always results in some degree of hearing loss
D. All of the above are true
E. None of the above are true

Gram (-) rods (like Pseudomonas aeruginosa) are the typical causes of Otitis Externa

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Which are the following are symptoms of Keratitis?
A. Inflammation of the conjunctiva
B. Vision impairment and photophobia
C. Itching
D. All of the above are true
E. None of the above are true

Vision impairment and photophobia

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Which of the following microbes can cause infections of the maxillary sinuses?
A. Acanthamoeba
B. Hepatitis A
C. Streptococcus spp.
D. Norovirus
E. Staphyloccoccus aureus

Staphyloccoccus aureus

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Which of the following can cause Keratitis?
A. Bacteria
B. Viruses
C. Fungi
D. Protozoans
E. All of the above are true

all of the above are true

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What is one of the diagnostics for Haemophilus influenzae that caused epiglotitis?
A. Skin biopsy
B. Serology/immunofluorescent slide test
C. Culture on Chocolate agar
D. Blood test
E. None of the above

Culture on Chocolate agar

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Which of the following is TRUE regarding a sinus infection?
A. Can lead to inflammation
B. Can lead to increased pressure in the air space openings
C. Can cause rare complications such as meningitis and thrombosis
D. A and B only
E. All of the above are true

all of the above are true

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Which of the following is the vector for the nemotade Onchocerca volvulus?
A. Black fly
B. Reduyiid bug
C. Mosquito
D. Bats
E. None of the above

black fly

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Which of the following is the intermediate host of the nematode Wuchereria bancrofti?
A. Black fly
B. Reduviid bug
C. Mosquito
D. Bats
E. None of the above are true

mosquito

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Which of the following is/are risk factor(s) associated with myocarditis?
A. Forced exercise
B. Pregnancy
C. Alcohol consumption
D. Nutritional deficiencies
E. All of the above

all of the above

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Which of the following is NOT one of the symptoms of pericarditis?
A. Chest pain/discomfort
B. Burst of energy
C. Low grade fever/dry cough
D. Upper body discomfort
E. All of the above are symptoms of pericarditis

burst of energy

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Which of the following statements is true regarding myocarditis?
A. Bacterial pathogens are the most common cause of myocarditis.
B. This type of infection is often asymptomatic and can go undetected in many
individuals.
C. Myocarditis is more common in young females, immune-compromised patients,
and individuals with a history of alcohol abuse.
D. The symptoms of myocarditis usually include stabbing chest pain.
E. Myocarditis is an infection involving the sack that surrounds the heart.

Myocarditis is more common in young females, immune-compromised patients,
and individuals with a history of alcohol abuse.

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Which of the following is NOT true regarding endocarditis?
A. Endocarditis is a rare but potentially fatal inflammation of the inner lining of the
hear, most notably the heart valves
B. It is typically a bacterial infection
C. The pathogen travels to the heart via the bloodstream
D. One of the common virulence factors is adhesion, which allows the bacteria to
create a biofilm.
E. All of the above are true

all of the above are true

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Which of the following is a single stranded RNA virus that is transmitted between
individuals primarily by blood and blood products?
A. Hepatitis C virus
B. West Nile Virus
C. Rotavirus
D. All of the above are true
E. None of the above are true

Hepatitis C virus

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Which of the following group of viruses is associated with viral diarrhea?
A. Parvovirus B19
B. Hepatitis B
C. Norovirus
D. West Nile Virus
E. Picornaviruses

norovirus

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Which of the following are associated with gastrointestional ulcers?
A. Microspridia
B. Klebsiella pneumonia
C. Helicobacter pylori
D. All of the above are true
E. None of the above are true

none of the above are true

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Which of the following Hepatitis viruses is not a ssRNA viruses?
A. HAV
B. HBV
C. HCV
D. HEV
E. None of the above are true

HBV

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Which of the following statements is true regarding gastrointestinal tract infections?
A. Food-borne illness is a term that is associated with the consumption of only the
toxins produced by the microbe rather than an infection by a particular microbe.
B. EHEC is the type of E.coli infection that will most likely occur in the US
C. Diarrhea is the most common manifestation of a GI tract infection
D. B and C only
E. All of the above are true

B and C only

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Which of the following is/are the diagnostic(s) for Giardia lamblia?
A. ELISA
B. Gram stain
C. Stool test
D. A and C only
E. All of the above

A and C only

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T/F The lower respiratory tract is usually sterile, but particles smaller than 2µm can avoid the URT defenses and invade.

true

T/F the primary mechanism of transmission in pulmonary infections is aerosolized droplets carrying infectious agents.

true

T/F Paratitis, a disease which caused by Candida albicans, is an example of self-limiting URT infection

false

T/F Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes a disease known as Whooping Cough because of the sound made when a patient coughs.

false

T/F Mycobacterium tuberculosis was once a huge problem, but has now been eradicated.

false

T/F Mycoplasma pneumonia is a pleiomorphic bacterium that causes atypical pneumonia

true

T/F The upper respiratory tract is composed of the nose, sinuses, throat, and respiratory airways.

true

T/F Conjunctivitis is only caused by parasites

false

T/F IgA and IgG in tears are two antibodies that aid in protecting the conjunctiva from microbial infections

true

T/F Otitis media often follows a LRT viral infection and is often caused by opportunistic normal flora.

false

T/F Viruses are the most common causes of pharyngitis.

true

T/F Acanthamoeba is a rhizopod protozoan that can cause Keratitis

true

T/F Inner ear infection, commonly called “swimmers ear” results in swelling, redness, and pain due to trapped water.

false

T/F Wuchereria bancrofti and Trypanosoma cruzi are both nematode worms that can cause myocarditis.

false

T/F Wuchereria bancrofti and Trypanosoma cruzi are both nematode worms that can cause myocarditis.

false

T/F Endocarditis is typically caused by bacteria infection the heart valves

true

T/F Parvovirus B19 can be the cause of myocarditis and Fifth’s disease

true

T/F Viral infections are the most common cause of pericarditis

true

T/F S. aureus is one of the common causes of intravascular catheter-related infections

true

T/F An echocardiogram provides immediate information in diagnosing pericarditis.

false

T/F The most common cause of gastrointestinal infections is through bodily fluid transmission.

false

T/F Three of the most common causes of diarrhea are Salmonella, Shigella, and Camplyobacter

true

T/F Norovirus is famous for causing diarrhea outbreaks in closed environments, such as cruise ships.

true

T/F Pancreatic abscesses are never polymicrobial

false

T/F Cholecystitis is the inflammation of the bile duct.

false

T/F E. Coli can cause hepatic abscesses.

true

.__E__ These cause an inflammatory colitis indistinguishable from Shigella. Must ingest in large quantities and outbreaks are rare.

Enteroaggregative (EaggEC) strains

.__A_ These colonize the small bowel and produce a toxin that secretes chloride, causing water diarrhea

Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) strains

.__C__. These primary affect children under the age of 3. They induce the polymerization of actin filaments, producing a pedestal and causing mild inflammation and watery diarrhea.

Enteropathogenic (EPEC) strains

.__B__ This is one of the important causes of traveler’s diarrhea. Diarrhea is often prolonged and is caused by bacteria adhering in large aggregates to the human colonic mucosa.

Enteroaggregative (EaggEC) strains

5.__D___ These produce Shiga-like cytotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis and cause cell death. O157:H7 is an example of this type of strain. Cattle appear to be the primary reservoir.

Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) strains

._D_ This strain can only replicated in the presence of the Hepatitis B virus.

HDV (Hepatitis D virus)

._C_ A member of the Flavivirus family, this is transmitted through person to person (usually STDs). 50% of patients will go into a chronic form of this virus. 20% will develop liver cirrhosis.

HCV (Hepatitis C virus)

_E_ This is related to the Clacivirus family. It has a 4 week incubation and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. It is often associated in India, Nepal, Southeast Asia, Africa, China, and Mexico.

HEVD (Hepatitis E virus)

_A_ This is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and is highly infectious. It is selflimiting and never becomes chronic. It is a possible member of the Picornavirus family.

HAV (Hepatitis A virus)

. _B_ This is spread primarily through blood and blood products. It is part of the Hepadnavirus family. It is controlled by vaccinations.

HBV (Hepatitis B virus)

__B__ eye pain; the feeling of having a foreign body in the eye; impaired vision

keratitis

__D__ acute onset watery diarrhea with nausea and vomiting

gastroenteritis

.__A__ substernal chest pain upon leaning back or laying down

pericarditis

_E__ ear pain which may be associated with bulging of the tympanic membrane or hearing loss

otitis media

C__ Sore throat that may be accompanied by fever/absence of cough and it is typically self-limiting.

Tonsillitis

__A__ This protozoan associated with chronic diarrhea can also cause liver abscesses.

Entamoeba histolytica

.__B___ This is dimorphic fungus that can cause oral thrush, diaper rash, and opportunistic pulmonary infections.

Candida albicans

.__C__ A rhizopod protozoan associated with keratitis caused by washing contact lenses with tap water.

Acanthamoeba

_D__ This is a ssDNA virus that requires and adeno helper virus. It is a cause of myocarditis.

Parvovirus B19

E_ This bacterium is often associated with shell-fish food poisoning

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

_A_The most common manifestation of a GI tract infection. Can lead to death as a result of dehydration.

Diarrhea

B__ Heart attack like symptoms. Standing up will relieve some of the symptoms

Pericarditis

C___ Inflammation and itching of the eye. Very painful and often with pus formation and discharge.

Conjunctivitis

D_ ear infection which can be life-threatening in diabetic or IC patients

ottis externa

__E__ear pain which may be associated with bulging of the tympanic membrane or hearing loss

ottis media

John Snow is famous for: A. A series of 4 postulates that confirm the cause of a disease B. Being Lord Commander of the Night’s Watch C. Being “the father of microbiology” D. Identifying contaminated water as the cause of a London cholera outbreak E. Developing the microscope

Identifying contaminated water as the cause of a London cholera outbreak

(infectious diarrhea) acute is

bacterial and viral

(infectious diarrhea) chronic is

ulcers and hepatitis

the digestive system includes ?

- digestive tract: esophagus, stomach & intestines - accessory organs of digestion: liver, gallbladder & pancreas - it can exceed 5m in length - Food is broken down by stomach proteases & HCl (pH=2) and transits the upper GI tract in 3-5 hrs.

where does digestion occur

in the duodenum region of the small intestines via enzymes/bile from the pancreas and gallbladder, respectively.

where does absorption occur

in the jejunum region of the small intestines, and water is recovered in the colon.

primary way of transmission of GI infections

fecal-oral route

Food-poisoning/Intoxication

due to consumption of preformed microbial toxins within food (e.g., home-canned foods).

symptoms of Food-poisoning/Intoxication

- rapid onset 6-12 h - severe nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea etc. - BUT NO FEVER

examples of Food-poisoning/Intoxication

- botulinum toxin [*Clostridium botulinum*]: flaccid paralysis & respiratory arrest - enterotoxin [*Staphylococcus aureus*]: vomiting w/o diarrhea

Food-associated Infections

due to consumption of microbe-contaminated food or water.

symptoms of Food-associated Infections

- slower onset +1 days - mild to moderate pain - Bacterial and viral sources: acute infection (< 14 days persistence) - Parasitic sources: chronic infection (> 30 days).

Infection

the microbial agent is ingested, colonizes the gut, and then produces toxins that damage host cells.

Intoxication

bacteria produce toxins in the food before it is ingested.

Gastroenteritis

a gastrointestinal syndrome characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain.

diarrhea with blood & pus

- invasive/mucosa necrosis

diarrhea Without blood & pus

- enterotoxin-mediated

Dysentery

an inflammatory disorder of the GI tract, often associated w/ blood or pus in feces, and accompanied by fever, cramps & pain (lg intestine).

Infectious Diarrhea (acute)

Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter

Escherichia coli

Best studied microbe, normal flora.

Vibrio cholerae & V. parahaemolyticus

- Often associated with poor sanitation, especially following natural disasters. - Cholera causes **death by dehydration**. Lose up to 15L/day! - Physical findings such as diminished pulses, sunken eyes, and poor skin turgor will develop with severe dehydration.

Cholera pathogenesis

Virus (from Ltn: “poisonous”): A non-living infectious particle that can only replicate within living cells [i.e., obligate intracellular parasites].

How is the respiratory tract organized?

- The respiratory tract is often divided into two major sectors, the upper respiratory tract [URT] and the lower respiratory tract [LRT]. The URT includes the nose, sinuses, throat and respiratory airways (= epiglottis, trachea and bronchi); this sector includes normal flora

BMS 321:MED MICRO TEST #2 Flashcards

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