BN Ch. 10 Infancy and Childhood

Question 1

According to Piaget theory of cognitive development, infants develop an understanding of object ____, the knowledge that an object seen in a particular spot, but temporarily hidden from view under a blanket, continues to exist and will return to view when it is uncovered.

Answer 1

Permanence

Question 2

Babies experience ____ anxiety when they distinguish between people they recognize and strangers, clinging to familiar persons and pulling away from strangers.

Answer 2

Stranger

Question 3

______ is the term given to handling and self-stimulation of the genital organs.

Answer 3

Masterbation

Question 4

The change from feeding only breast milk or formula to incorporating a variety of solid foods is called _____.

Answer 4

Weaning

Question 5

During _______ a child’s behavior may go backward to that of an earlier stage of development. This may also occur during illness.

Answer 5

Regression

Question 6

The process of growth and development follows cephalocaudal and _____ directions.

Answer 6

Proximal distal

Question 7

What can babies do at 3 months?

Answer 7

Laugh, squeal, look at objects for several seconds, reach for and grasp objects

Question 8

What can a baby do at 6 weeks?

Answer 8

Smile, babble, follow lights, react to sounds

Question 9

What can a baby do at 2 -3 months?

Answer 9

Develop social smile, respond to pleasurable interactions such as looking at human faces

Question 10

What can a baby do at 8 weeks?

Answer 10

Develop preferred sleeping position, cry to signal needs

Question 11

Write the correct sequence of Erikson Theory of Psychosocial Development in the boxes provided below.

1. Trust versus mistrust
2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt
3. Initiative versus guilt
4. Industry versus inferiority

Answer 11

1. Trust versus mistrust
2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt
3. Initiative versus guilt
4. Industry versus inferiority

Question 12

What are the characteristics of the process of growth and development?

Answer 12

The characteristics of the process of growth and development are:
*Growth and development progresses from simple to complex: the baby learns to sit before learning to walk, and to babble before learning to speak.
*Growth and development is inclusive and holistic, involving the entire child and family; culture, ethnicity, and religion influence the process.
* All aspects of growth and development are influenced by each other, or interdependent.

Question 13

What is parallel play in toddlers?

Answer 13

Toddlers exhibit parallel play, which occurs when two children play side by side with the same or similar toys but do not interact with each other or the other’s toy.
This parallel play continues until social skills develop further

Question 14

What is toddlerhood?

Answer 14

-The toddler phase encompasses approximately ages
1 to 3 years.
-Although physical growth is not as rapid as in infancy, toddlers make significant progress in their motor skills and in their psychosocial and cognitive development.
-Toddlerhood is a period of great learning, and children’s personalities begin to emerge more distinctly during these years.
-Growing independence, however, may lead to increased conflicts and difficulties with family caregivers.

Question 15

What causes bed-wetting, and what are some interventions for it?

Answer 15

-Enuresis, or bed-wetting, is more likely to occur in boys.
-In most cases, the underlying reason is physiological or emotional immaturity.
-Waking the child during the night or restricting fluids between the evening meal and bedtime sometimes helps.
-Some children have an irritable bladder, a condition in which a small amount of urine in the bladder causes the desire to urinate. In this case, a physician may order a medication to decrease irritability.
-Children can also be taught to withhold the urine voluntarily during the daytime.
-This gradually distends the bladder, increasing its size and promoting retention.

Question 16

A nurse is discussing Erikson theory of psychological development with a client.
a. What does Erikson psychological theory state?

Answer 16

-Erikson’s theory of human development focuses on the psychosocial and environmental aspects of personality as the person progresses from birth to death.
-Erikson stresses that each individual is the product of interactions among heredity, environment, and culture. He emphasizes that the rate of development varies

Question 17

What are the main points of Erikson theory on which the nurse should focus?

Answer 17

The main points of Erickson’s theory on which the nurse should focus include:

•Each stage of development contains a psychosocial challenge or critical period, during which the person must deal with a major life change. If the person fails to meet the challenge, he or she faces certain difficulty in achieving the next level of development
•In each stage of development, a significant person or group exerts a lasting influence on the ongoing development of the child.
•Similar to Havighurst’s theory, the individual must accomplish certain tasks related to the psychosocial challenge of each particular stage. Children are able to perform these tasks with help from parents, siblings, and other important people.
• Certain virtues are appropriate for each developmental stage. Virtues are beneficial challenging, and exciting characteristics that challenging, and exciting characteristics that emerge as individuals successfully accomplish the tasks of that developmental stage and thus successfully resolve the psychosocial challenge emerge as individuals successfully accomplish
the tasks of that developmental stage and thus successfully resolve the psychosocial challenge

Question 18

What does Piaget theory of cognitive development state?

Answer 18

Piaget states that cognitive development “is a continuous progression,” beginning with the reflexes of the newborn, which are spontaneous and automatic.
The infant progresses to acquired habits.
The child then goes on to acquire knowledge and develop intelligence. Cognitive development according to Piaget’s theory is cumulative; that is, what is learned is based on what has been known before.

Question 19

What should the nurse explain about the four levels of cognitive development?

Answer 19

•Sensorimotor: Up to age 2, children learn by touching, tasting, and feeling. They learn to control body movement. They develop an understanding of object permanence, the knowledge that an object seen in a particular spot, but temporarily hidden from view under a blanket, continues to exist and will return to view when it is uncovered.
•Preoperational: Children from ages 2 to 7 years investigate and explore the environment and look at things from their own point of view.
•Concrete operations: From ages 7 through 11 years, children “internalize” actions and can perform them in the mind.
Cognition at the level of concrete operations exhibits the following characteristics: reversibility, seriation, and conservation of matter.
• Formal operations: After age 12, children can think in the abstract. Complex problemsolving is included in this category

Question 20

Which should the nurse identify as a common fear faced by preschoolers?

Answer 20

Darkness

Question 21

What are the characteristics displayed by infants during the preoperational phase?

Answer 21

Child investigates and explores the environment

Question 22

What kind of play do older school-aged children indulge in?

Answer 22

Structured games with defined roles

Question 23

What should a nurse communicate to parents about how they can offer anticipatory guidance in their child’s growth and development?

Answer 23

Recognize the child’s pace of learning abilities

Question 24

What is the most important psychosocial challenge experienced by an infant?

Answer 24

Trust in primary caregivers

Question 25

A nurse is caring for an infant who has been diagnosed with nursing bottle mouth. The nurse knows that which is the effect of nursing bottle mouth?

Answer 25

Serious dental condition

Question 26

What instruction should a nurse give to caregivers in order to handle toddler tantrums in public?

Answer 26

Remove the child from public view

Question 27

What instruction should a nurse give to caregivers in order to handle a toddler’s separation anxiety?

Answer 27

Deal with toddler firmly

Question 28

What advice should a nurse offer to a caregiver whose preschooler is experiencing sibling rivalry?

Answer 28

Individualize attention

Question 29

The mother of an infant wants to know what to expect for this infant’s normal growth and development until the age of 2 years. According to Piaget theory of cognitive development, what should the nurse tell this mother?

Answer 29

The infant can learn by touching, tasting and feeling