Board Questions Flashcards
1
Q
A radiograph intended to demonstrate the crowns and crestal 1/3 of the alveolar process of BOTH arches is called a?
A
Interproximal Radiograph
2
Q
What kind of radiograph is used to demonstrate the entire tooth and its surrounding bone?
A
Periapical
3
Q
List three physical characteristics of X-rays
A
wave length, energy, frequency
4
Q
High kVp settings produce x-rays that are more penetrating and have a?
A
shorter wavelength
5
Q
Small bundles or packets of electromagnetic radiation are called?
A
photons
6
Q
Approximately__% of the energy of the high speed electrons that collide with the target is converted into heat. What % is converted into x-rays?
A
99, and 1
7
Q
How are x-rays produced?
A
the collision of high speed electrons with a target
8
Q
How many times each second does the voltage of an alternating electric current fluctuate from positive to negative?
A
60 times each second
9
Q
The volt is used to describe?
A
electrical pressure pushing electrons through a wire
10
Q
The “target” side of the x-ray tube is called the?
A
anode
11
Q
The “filament” side of the x-ray tube is called the?
A
cathode
12
Q
The low voltage circuit controls the number of free__________ available to strike the target.
A
electrons
13
Q
One kilovolt is equal to _______ volts
A
1,000
14
Q
The milliamperage setting of the x-ray unit determines the _______ of the electrons _________
A
number
flowing through the wire in one second
15
Q
An exposure timer set at 30 impulses (30/60) is equivalent to a __________ second exposure on a digital timer
A
1/2 or 0.50
16
Q
X-rays are absorbed by
A
matter; solid, liquid, or gas
17
Q
How does the aluminum filter prevent unnecessary exposure of the patient?
A
the aluminum filter selectively absorbs more of the long wave length radiations
18
Q
The aluminum filter selectively removes the __________ wavelength x-rays that are not useful in producing a radio graphic image.
A
long
19
Q
An x-ray unit operating at 70 kVp should have an aluminum filter equivalent to at least ___ mm of aluminum.
A
2.5
20
Q
A properly collimated beam of dental x-rays should be ____________ inches at the patients skin.
A
2.75 in diameter or 7 cm
21
Q
Why are pointed plastic cones not recommended for dental radio graphic procedures?
A
pointed cones produce twice as much scattered radiation to the head and body than open cylinders (BID’s)
22
Q
The quantity of x-rays produced by the x-ray unit is related to _______ or _________
A
penetrating ability
intensity
23
Q
List the seven factors (under general considerations) that must be controlled to produce a proper diagnostic radio graph.
A
exposure time, milliamperage (MA), kilovoltage (kVp), BID length, film speed, film processing, size/body mass
24
Q
mA and time influence the ________ of the x-ray beam
A
quanity
25
Penetrating power of the beam of radiation is determined by the
quality
26
How does the size of the focal spot affect the quality of the radio graphic image?
It affects penumbra, small focal spots produce less penumbra than large focal spots. Penumbra is the area of partical shadow
27
What intraoral radio graphic principle will typically produce radio graphs of the maxillary molars with the foreshortened facial roots and an elongated lingual root?
Bisecting angle
28
The dark gray or black areas of a radio graph are referred to as
radiolucent
29
The white or light gray areas of a radio graph are referred to as
radiopaque
30
List three examples of dental structures that are radiopaque
enamel, dentin, thick/dense bone
31
List two examples of dental structures that are radiolucent
gingiva, pulp
32
What periapical radiograph is most likely to depict the lower board of the zygomatic arch?
maxillary premolar and molar region
33
What periapical radiograph is most likely to demonstrate the coronoid process of the mandible?
maxillary premolar and molar region
34
What radiograph is most likely to depict the incisive foramen?
maxillary anterior region
35
Given diagrams depicting periapical, or panoramic anatomic landmarks correctly identify the specified landmark
look at p39-40, 110, 111 for answer and then edit flash card
36
What radiograph is most likely to depict the genial tubercles?
mandibular anterior
37
What periapical radiograph is most likely to depict the mental foramen?
anatomy, mandibular, premolar, and molar region
38
High kilovoltage settings on the x-ray unit will tend to produce radiographs that exhibit ______ subject contrast
low
39
Low kilovoltage settings on the x-ray until will tend to produce radiographs that exhibit ______ subject contrast
high
40
Given illustrations of radiographs with the embossed dots up, identify whether they would represent maxillary or mandibular, right or left
mandibular, right
41
Density is a term related to the ________ of the film.
overall darkness
42
Somatic exposures using "F" speed film are ______ less than when "D" speed film is used.
1/2
43
Which one of the film components is responsible for forming the image
silver halide crystals
44
What is the main purpose of the lead foil in the film packet?
to absorb scattered radiation from within the patients head
45
What are the two major kinds of intensifying screens used in extraoral dental radiography?
panoramic and cephalometic (skull)
46
What is the recommended temperature for manually processing dental film
68-70 degrees Fahrenheit
47
Why is time-temperature processing important?
the only way patient will receive the absolute minimum radiation
48
What is the purpose of the developing solution?
develop only exposed silver halide crystals
49
What is the purpose of the restrainer in the developing solutions?
prevents film fog
50
An appropriate safelight filter should be positioned at least ____ feet away from the counter top and contain a light bulb no bigger than _____ watts
4
| 15
51
What is the main purpose of the fixing solution?
removes undeveloped silver halide crystals
52
Sight development of dental radiographs may result in __________ to the patient and __________ quality radiographs
more radiation
| poor
53
What information must be included on the film mount? What information is optional?
date, patients name
| optional; dentist name/address, name of exposing person
54
List two items that might produce radiopaque artifacts on a radiograph
glasses, removable partials, earrings, body jewelry like tongue rings
55
List at least four causes of a lighter than normal radiograph
BID too far from the cheek, taking finger of exposure too fast, exposure too short, kVp set too low
56
List at least three causes of a darker than normal radiograph
exposure too long, kVp too high, using D film exposure for a F speed film
57
How would a double exposed radiograph appear
2x darker and vaguely depicts two images
58
How would a backward film appear?
lighter than normal, herringbone or tire track pattern
59
What would a foreshortened image look like?
image that is too long
60
What would a elongated image look like?
image that is too short
61
What is the main cause of a foreshortened radiographic image?
excessive vertical angulation
62
What is the main cause of an elongated radiographic image?
insufficient vertical angulation
63
Overlapped interproximal spaces are caused by
errors in horizontal angulation
64
Cone cutting is the result of _________
errors in tube head alignment
65
A bent film will cause the image of the teeth to appear
distorted
66
A blurred or fuzzy image will be produced by
movement
67
under developing a radiograph will produce an image that is _____ than a normal radiograph
lighter
68
List three causes of an under developed radiograph
worn out/deteriorated developing solution, processing radiographs shorter time, cold developing solution
69
An over developed radiograph will produce an image that is _______ than normal.
darker
70
An under fixed radiograph will ________ with time
discolor
71
Fixing a radiograph for several hours may produce a radiograph that appears ________ than normal
lighter/washed out
72
White light exposing a film during processing will cause the radiograph to appear
too dark
73
How would you test the darkroom for white light leaks?
masking tape, turn off all lights, allow 10-15 mins for eyes to adjust , mark each light with tape
74
Describe a simple way to check for safelight film fog
coin test
75
What test should be used to evaluate the adequacy of the darkroom safelight
test the film, type of safelight filter in use
76
List three anatomic structures that may require modification of film placement procedures
Tongue tied, Tori, missing teeth
77
What two intraoral radiographic procedures can be used to localize an object in all three dimensions of space?
Right angle localization-Miller's Technic, shift shot/ Clark's technic
78
Define latent period as it relates to radiation biologic effects
can take hours, days, months, years, to appear
79
List at least six factors that will influence radiation effects
type, dose, penetrating ability, acute/chronic exposure, whole body exposure, PDREF, dose and dose rate
80
Are some radiation effects repairable
Sometimes, usually no
81
List seven radiobiologically critical organs and the effects that they are known to develop
skin cancer, eye cataract, blood forming organs-Leukemia, thyroid-cancer, reproductive-mutations, fetus-defects, breast-cancer
82
Dental radiographic procedures expose a __________ are of the patients face.
very localized
83
List 4-5 examples of somatic tissues
muscles, bones, salivary glands, kidneys, skin
84
List two types of radio sensitive tissues
blood forming (hematopoletic), reproductive tissue (ovaries & testies)
85
List two types of radioresistant tissues
muscle, nerve
86
List four types of tissues that are intermediate in radiation sensitivity
blood vessels, glands, connective tissues, bone
87
Define the term radiosensitive and radioresistant
radiosensitive-very sensitive radioresistant- resistant to exposure
88
Give two examples of a stochastic radiation effect
genetic mutations, and cancer/tumor induction
89
Give two examples of a non stochastic/deterministic effect
erythema (reddening of the skin) epilation (loss of hair)
90
List two examples of genetic/reproductive tissues
ovaries & testes
91
Exposure of genetic tissues causes
inherited mutations
92
An absorbed dose of 1 rad is equal to _____ milligray (mGy)
10
93
List the six units used to measure radiation
gray (Gy), centigray (cGy), milligray (mGy), microgray (mGy), rad, millirad (mrad)
94
Define in your own words the maximum permissible dose (MPD) concept of radiation protection.
It is the maximum dose of a lifetime a person occupationally or none can be exposed
95
What is the MPD for a occupationally exposed person?
50 mSv or 5 rem/year
96
What is the MPD for a non-occupationally exposed person?
5 mSv/yr or 0.5 rem/year
97
What is the MPD for a pregnant occupationally exposed person?
5 mSv/yr or 0.5 rem/yr
98
What is the ALARA concept of radiation protection. How does it differ from the MPD?
As low as reasonably achievable, not over exposing patient.
99
A persons' daily exposure to background radiation will be about _____mSv
3
100
The National Council on Radiation Protection limits total lifetime occupational exposure to a formula: 10mSv x workers age in years. This occupational limit is called __________
individual lifetime effective dose
101
What is background radiation? How much do we receive each year in mSv
Everyday radiation exposure within our environment. 0.9 mSv per year
102
The average somatic dose per "D" speed periapical radiograph is about _________mSv/film
45%
103
Digital imaging requires _______ less radiation than a conventional "D speed" radiograph
16%
104
What is the risk of dental radiographs causing skin cancer, cataracts, sterility, thyroid cancer, birth defects?
not impossible, but very unlikely
105
Leaded thyroid collars will reduce thyroid gland exposures by about _____
50%
106
Leaded aprons will reduce _________radiation to the reproductive organs (gonads) by about _________
genetic exposure
| 98%
107
Leaded thyroid collars and leaded aprons DO NOT reduce the amount of radiation exposing the
reproductive organs
108
X-rays units with _________ timers are recommended because they use _______
electronic
| shorter exposure times
109
Film holding devices prevent exposure to the patient's
fingers
110
Approximately how many mechanisms have been identified within the nucleus of a cell that potentially minimize the harmful effects of ionizing radiation on DNA?
20- Human DNA damage repair system
111
List at least six mechanisms that potentially minimize the harmful effects of ionizing radiation on DNA
resititution, enzymatic repair, dna structure, nuclear proteins, hormesis. p53 protein
112
Compare the differences in the image quality of a panoramic radiograph with an intraoral periapical radiograph
panoramic has less detail than periapical
113
How does the film used in panoramic radiography differ from the one used in intraoral radiography?
pano- requires intensifying screens, extra oral placements, intraoral "D or F" speed-intraoral placement
114
Why are intensifying screens used with panoramic radiography important?
the film rotates around the patients head with the tube head
115
Why is the sharply depicted plane an important concept to understand with panoramic radiography
patients teeth to show up on the film sharp and distinctly
116
What is a supplementary radiographic technique
used to provide diagnostic radiographic information when normal procedure is difficult
117
List the two types of occlusal radiographic techniques
cross section and topographic
118
Name two radiographic localization procedures
shift-shot/clark's technic/buccal & right angle/Miller's technique
119
A radiographic localization procedure requiring the use of a periapical radiograph AND a cross-section occlusal radiograph is called the
Right angle-Miller's technique
120
A radiographic localization procedure requiring the use of TWO periapical radiographs taken at different angles is call the
Shift shot/Clark's technique
121
What occlusal radiographic technique requires that the central ray be directed perpendicular to the bisector of the angle formed by the long axis of the tooth and the film plane?
Topographic Occlusal
122
The radiographic localization technique most commonly used to locate the buccal-lingual position of an object in the mandible is the ______________ technique
cross section occlusal
123
The radiographic localization technique most commonly used to locate the buccal-lingual position in the maxilla is the _____________ technique
Clark's
124
What is the primary purpose of an occlusal radiograph?
demonstrate extent of trauma, fractures, missing teeth, within mandible maxilla
125
Why would your dentist ask you to take a radiograph using the "Miller's"/Right-angle technique?
If he/she suspects impacted teeth
126
A periapical radiograph of the maxillary molar region you have taken demonstrates overlapping of the interproximal spaces and that the mesial-buccal root of the 1st molar and the lingual root of the 1st molar are superimposed on each other. This indicates that the central ray was directed from a direction
Answer: B- too far from the mesial
Using the shift-shot principles, the object on the lingual moves IN the direction of tube-shift while the object on the buccal moves OPPOSITE to the direction of tube shift. Thus the mesial buccal and lingual roots superimpose on each other. Excessive horizontal angulation from the distal would cause the distal-buccal root and the lingual root to superimpose.
127
What is a pixel?
The "heart" of a wired digital image receptor is a large silicone chip containing approx 220,000 discrete picture elements.
128
In the digital imaging system using photostimulable phosphors, what is the location where the electrons are collected called?
luminescence centers
129
List at least 4 advantages of digital imaging systems compared to conventional direct exposure film systems.
Almost, "instant" reduced patient exposure, elimination of a dark room, ability to manipulate the image
130
List at least 4 disadvantages of digital imaging systems compared to conventional direct exposure film systems
small image detector size to conventional, high costs, storage issues, emerging technology
131
What are the differences between PSP and CCD based digital imaging systems?
PSP is a crystalline halide compound, CCD has pixels, size is bigger
132
What is the difference between the digital image receptor size and the "active area of the digital image receptor?
59% smaller than a #2 film and 49% smaller than a #1 film
133
How many shades of gray does the computer software typically generate to create the digital image on the computer screen?
256
134
What is the basic difference between an analog and digital image?
analog is a physical item, many shades of gray, digital is a image in numbers or digits
135
What is the "privacy rule" established by the Dept. of Health and Human Services (HHS)?
address the use and disclosure of patients health info, establishes patients rights to understand
136
What types (spoken, written, electronic, etc. ) of personal health information (PHI) are the HIPAA guidelines primarily intended to control? How do the HIPAA guidelines differ from the Texas Medical Privacy Act?
all of them. HIPAA controls and protects patient information from being shared
137
What type of information constitutes "individually identifiable health information or PHI?
Demographic area, the provision of health care to the individual
138
What is the primary purpose of the HIPAA Privacy Rule?
Keep providers or unauthorized people from sharing protected information about a patient
139
What is the intent of the HIPAA policy relation to "the minimum necessary?"
dental offices implement policies and procedures to reasonably limit uses and disclosures to the minimum
140
What are the four rights a patient has under HIPAA regulations related to their protected health information (PHI)
right to review/copy, right to a accounting of disclosures, request restricted use, right to amend info
141
Under what circumstances will a state's privacy rules preempt HIPAA regulations?
minor's, injury, abuse, birth, or death
142
Can you identify six specific elements in the Texas Medical Records Privacy Act that are different from HIPAA regulations?
includes more entities, limits the # of entities for info to be released, can't market, written consent, prohibits re-identification, civil penalties
143
What personal protective equipment should be work during intraoral radiographic procedures?
lead apron, thyroid collar, gloves, masks, lab coat
144
What portions of the x-ray unit should be sprayed and/or wiped down before and after a radiographic procedure
chair, counter, surface, everything you or the patient touches
145
What portion of the x-ray unit should never be sprayed with disinfectant?
control panel
146
What portion of the panoramic unit should be covered with plastic wrap, or wiped down with disinfectant after the radiograph is taken?
tube head, exposure switch, counter, BID, apron
147
Under what specific circumstances is it appropriate to hold the film in the patient's mouth, or stabilize the tube head during a radio graphic exposure?
the parent, or guardian can, DA will not
148
Where should the x-ray unit operator stand IF they can not get feet away from the patient during an exposure?
behind a appropriate barrier, outside the room
