Boards Flashcards by Máté Fischer

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AED with adverse effects of aplastic anemia and idiosyncratic liver failure

Felbamate

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AED associated with encephalopathy

Tiagabine

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AED used for absence seizures and well-tolerated

Ethosuximide

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Alcohol use biomarker that can detect use over a 3-week period

Phosphatidyl ethanol (PEth)

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Alcohol use biomarker detectable in blood for up to 36 hours

Ethyl glucuronide (EtG)

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Alcohol use biomarker detectable for a short period (up to 48 hours)

Ethyl succinate (EtS)

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Superior biomarker for moderate to heavy alcohol consumption

Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT)

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Three α-Synucleinopathies

Neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy (MSA), Parkinson’s disease

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Criteria for neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies

Neurocognitive dysfunction + at least 2 of: fluctuating cognition, recurrent visual hallucinations, REM sleep behavior disorder, Parkinson symptoms

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Which Aβ peptide is more prone to aggregation and possibly more pathogenic in Alzheimer’s disease?

Aβ1-42

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Legal insanity rule requiring the defendant to have no idea what they did or can’t tell right from wrong

M’Naghten rule

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Standard for legal insanity set by the American Law Institute Model Penal Code

Lacks substantial capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of conduct

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Secondary vesicle that gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres and Globus pallidus

Telencephalon

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Secondary vesicle that develops into the thalamus and hypothalamus

Diencephalon

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AED that is cleared by the kidney unchanged

Topiramate

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How is the CIWA-AR scored?

10 symptoms scored from 0 to 7, total score indicates severity of withdrawal

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Range of CIWA-AR scores indicating severe alcohol withdrawal

15 or more

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Effect of ECT on seizure threshold

Increases seizure threshold

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EEG change associated with barbiturates or benzodiazepines

Increased beta activity

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EEG change associated with opioids

Decreased alpha activity

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EEG change associated with alcohol

Increased theta activity

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Pathophysiology of PTSD

Disturbed amygdala–prefrontal cortex circuitry function during face emotion processing

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Pathophysiology of schizophrenia

Impairment in excitation-inhibitory balance due to altered NMDA receptor signaling

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Presentation of SIADH

Hyponatremia, low serum osmolality, high urine osmolality, concentrated urine

Erikson's stage for ages 12 to 18

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Nerve conduction process responsible for the absolute refractory period

Inactivation of Na+ channels

Sleep disturbance in major depressive disorder

Decreased REM latency, increased REM sleep

EEG characteristics of Stage N3 sleep

Delta waves, low frequency (0.5-2 Hz), high amplitude

Peak time for heroin withdrawal symptoms

36 to 72 hours after cessation

12-month prevalence of GAD in adults in the US

2.90%

FDA-approved medications for Tourette disorder

Haloperidol, aripiprazole, pimozide

Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in adolescents according to NCS-A

49.50%

Posttranslational modification that increases or decreases protein functional activity

Phosphorylation

Posttranscriptional modification that stabilizes mRNA and helps its exit from the nucleus

Addition of poly-A tail

Spinal cord syndrome characterized by variable quadriparesis

Central cord syndrome

Spinal cord syndrome with loss of contralateral pain and temperature below the lesion

Brown-Sequard syndrome

Behavioral health screening tool for adolescents

CRAFFT (Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble)

4-item screening questionnaire for problem drinking

CAGE (Cut down, annoyed, guilty, eye-opener)

Measures signs and symptoms during narcotic withdrawal

CINA (Clinical Institute Narcotic Assessment)

Benzodiazepine with rapid absorption and 17-hour half-life

Estazolam

Benzodiazepine with rapid absorption and 100-hour half-life

Flurazepam

Benzodiazepine with slow absorption and 8-hour half-life

Oxazepam

Benzodiazepine with medium absorption and 11-hour half-life

Temazepam

Benzodiazepine with rapid absorption and 2-hour half-life

Triazolam

Benzodiazepines best used in severe hepatic compromise

Lorazepam, Oxazepam, Temazepam (metabolized by glucuronidation)

What is the major active metabolite of caffeine that mediates its psychostimulant effect?

Paraxanthines (84% of caffeine metabolites)

How do polymorphisms of the gene that encodes P-450 2D6 affect codeine use?

Provide protection against nonmedical use by modulating accumulation of toxic metabolites, serving as a negative stimulus

AED with adverse effects of agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia

Carbamazepine

Polyuria

polydipsia

Polyuria

polydipsia

Water retention

hyponatremia

How does a mutation in CHNRA5 gene affect the nicotine receptor and carrier?

Decreases sensitivity to nicotine, increases risk of nicotine use disorder

Changes in serotonin receptors in suicidal behavior

Increased 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor expression in prefrontal cortex; increased 5-HT2A receptor protein expression in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

Reason for serotonin receptor changes in suicidal behavior

Compensatory mechanism for decreased serotonin activity of neurons

Changes in adrenergic receptors in suicidal behavior

Increased β-adrenergic binding; increased α2-adrenergic receptor densities and protein expression in hypothalamus and frontal cortex

Changes in glutamate receptors in suicidal behavior

Increased AMPA receptors in caudate nucleus

Reason for glutamate receptor changes in suicidal behavior

Likely a compensatory mechanism for low glutamate levels

Changes in opioid receptors in suicidal behavior

Decreased density of μ-opioid receptors in frontal and temporal cortex

Changes in muscarinic receptors in suicidal behavior

Increased binding of M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors in anterior cingulate cortex

Oscillations of inhibitory thalamic reticular neurons and excitatory thalamocortical and corticothalamic neurons - EEG pattern of what kind of seizures

Absence

Chronic megaloblastic anemia, neurological changes (peripheral nerves, spinal cord, brain), mental changes (apathy, depression, irritability, moodiness), encephalopathy, delirium, delusions, hallucinations, neurocognitive disorder

Cobalamin deficiency (vitamin B12)

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: amnesia, neurocognitive disorder, cerebellar degeneration, nystagmus, ocular-motor paresis

Thiamine (B1) deficiency

Pellagra neurocognitive disorder, dermatitis, diarrhea

Niacin (B3) deficiency

Seizures and psychosis

Pyridoxine (B6) deficiency

Scurvy

Vitamin C deficiency

Treatment for methemoglobinemia caused by nitrite exposure

Methylene blue

Treatment for arrhythmias following inhalant use

Propranolol

Treatment for chronic toluene inhalation presenting with hypokalemia

Sodium bicarbonate

Treatment for acute inhalant intoxication presenting with ventricular arrhythmias

Amiodarone

Mainstay of treatment for lithium-induced NDI

Amiloride

Cerebellar changes in patients with ASD

Reduction in number or atrophy of Purkinje cells, mostly affecting posterolateral neocerebellar cortex and adjacent archicerebellar cortex

fMRI finding associated with OCD

Hyperactivity in the caudate

Mutations in the MECP2 gene located on the X chromosome; can arise sporadically or from germline mutations

Rett syndrome

In chronic addiction

the switch from _______ to _______ -based efferent from the prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens is a hallmark change

Criteria for Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder

Single or multiple motor or vocal tics, with the same age and time parameters as Tourette's disorder

Criteria for Tourette's Disorder

Multiple motor and one or more vocal tics present at some time during the illness, persisting for more than one year, with onset younger than 18 years of age

Criteria for Provisional Tic Disorder

Presence of a single tic or multiple motor and/or vocal tics, present for less than 1 year since the first tic onset