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unit 1 biol struggle list :( > bob dim > Flashcards

bob dim Flashcards

1
Q

why are tryglycerides not considered polymers

A

glycerol and fatty acids have different structures

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2
Q

maltose function

A

germinating seeds

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3
Q

function of monosaccharides (4)

A
  • building blocks for larger mols
  • intermediates in reactions
  • constituents of nucleotides
  • source of energy in respiration

BINE

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4
Q

science of biuret test

A

in presence of peptides - copper 2 ion forms violet complex in alkaline solution

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5
Q

what is a metabolite

A

molecule ormed or used in metabolic reactions

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6
Q

whats the bad type of lipid

A

Low density lipids

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7
Q

why is there a bad version of lipid

A

causes high blood cholesterol levels by blocking receptor cells

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8
Q

what are quaternary structures

A

2 or more tertiary structures joined tog
assosciated with non-protein groups

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9
Q

functions of water 8

A

solvent
metabloite
high latent heat of vaporisation
high specific heat capacity
cohesion
high surface tension
high density
transparent

ct sm hd hv hs hh

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10
Q

what happens to carbon atoms of monosaccharides when dissolved in water

A

makes a ring
can alter their binding to make straight vhains with rings and chains in equilibrium

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11
Q

principal of sugar testing test

A

reduces cu 2 ions in copper sulphate solution to cu 1 ions in red copper oxide

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12
Q

how to get a positive result with benedicts for a non reducing sugar ect sucrose

A

heating with hydrochloric acid
add alkaline
add benedicts reagent
heat as before

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13
Q

which polysaccharides have 1-4 and 1-6 branching

A

amylopectin
glycogen

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14
Q

mitochondria and chloroplast difference

A

chloroplasts larger
mitochondria have cristae

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15
Q

similarities in mitochondria and chloroplasts

A
  • generate metabolic energy
  • possess their own DNA
  • have ribosomes,
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16
Q

2 differcnes in how ser and rer looks

A

rer has ribosomes

rer= membrane in paralel lines
ser = open network of membranes

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17
Q

where can you find cuboidial epithelium tissues

A

kidney tubules
small intestine

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18
Q

what do squamous epithelial tissues form

A

walls of alveoli + line bowmans capsuel

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19
Q

what is autophagy

A

releases digestive enzymes
destory organnelles

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20
Q

production of digestive enzymes in cells

nucleus
nuclear pores
ribosomes

A

nucleus
DNA codes for production of proteins

nuclear pores
allow mrna to leave nucleus

ribosomes
carry out translation and protein synthesis

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21
Q

secretion of digestive enzymes out of the cell

RER
golgi
transport vesicle

A

RER
transport protein to golgi

golgi
package and modification of protein

transport vesicle
transport protein to the cell membrane

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22
Q

why do you need mitochondria for protein synthesis

A

transcription / translation
exocytosis

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23
Q

where are lysosomes made

A

golgi body

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24
Q

what do lysosomes contain

A

powerful digestive enzymes

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25
what do lysosomes do
break down worn out organnelles
26
in lysosome defenition what would you say
made by golgi contains powerful digestive enzymes break down worn out organnelles
27
where can you find cuboidal epithelium
kidney tubule
28
where can you find ciliated epithelium
trachea
29
nucleus defenition
contains DNA which codes for protein synthesis
30
nucleolus defenition
produces ribosomes (rRNA)
31
whys there loads of mitochondria in liver
metabolically active
32
ser function
lipid synthesis
33
chromatin defenition
DNA protein complex found in eukaryot cells
34
ribosome function
site of protein synthesis
35
what does large ribosome subunit do
joins amino acids
36
what does small ribosome subunit do
reads RNA
37
whats the role of lysosome
role in phagocytosis - digest unwanted materials
38
structure of lysosome
fluid filled vesicle, single membrane contains enzymes
39
whats the function of pili
enable attatchment of bacteria to each other and other surfaces
40
what is mesosome
infolds of cell membrane increase surface area
41
capsuel function
helps cell retain moisture + adhere to other surfaces
42
what organnelles are found in eu + prokaryot cells
cell membrane cytoplasm ribosome
43
magnification calculation
size of image / size of specimen
44
whats the cell theory
cell is unit of all life forms new cells can be formed from exisiting cells contain genetic material which can be transferred to daughter cells
45
how do lipid soluble substances diffuse
dissolve in phospholipid and diffuse across membranes
46
what is sodium potasium pump
uses ATP (active t) both have pos charged 3 sodim attatch, 2 potas
47
cotransport accronym
bsdbp
48
co transport accronym stretched out into words
bindio shape diffuse blood pump
49
in co transport how many glucose / sodium mols is transported
1 glu 2 sodium
50
what mols are co transport
glucose sodium
51
in hypotonic which way does water flow
into the cell
52
in hypertonic which way does water flow
out of the cell
53
how does active transport happen with intrinsic protein
active transport carrier protein changes shape use ATP
54
whats the cell membrane width
7nm
55
why is ethanol bad
denatures protein
56
what is ATP
adenosine triphosphate
57
what are the meiosis organs
testes / ovaries
58
purpose of meisosis
produces gametes produce haploid cells
59
where does mitosis occur in plants
meristems
60
what is semi conservative replication
each new DNA mol has one og strand and one newly synthesised strand
61
what does DNA polymerase do
joins the nucleotides tog to form a new strand
62
what happens in transcription initiation
RNA polymerase binds to start codon binding initiates the unwinding of the DNA double helix and the preparation for RNA synthesis.
63
what happens in transcription elongation
RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template, adding complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA strand
64
what happens in transcription termination
RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal on the DNA, causing it to detach from the DNA template and release the newly synthesized RNA molecule
65
whats trna charging
enzyme ATP and amino acid AMP amino acid complex formed tRNA binds to amino acid AMP released charged tRNA released
66
translation - interphase
dna duplicates organnelles duplicates cell growth
67
translation early prophase
chromosomes visible centrioles move to opposite poles spindle begins to form
68
translation late prophase
chromosomes condensed spindles formed nuclear envelope breaks down
69
translation metaphase
chromosomes line up at middle (equator) of the cell spindle binds to chromosome at centromere
70
translation anaphase
spindle pull chromosomes appart at centromere chromatid move to opposite ends
71
translation telophase
chromomosomes reach poles unravel + extend centrioles duplicate spindle breaks down nucleus reappears
72
translation cytokinesis
cytoplasm splits duplicated genetic material seperated into 2 new daughter cells nuclear envelope begins to reform
73
descrive how organic bases are arranged in dna mols
A-T C-G hydrogen bonds two chains twisted to form double helix two chains connected by base pairs
74
DNA functions
form code for protein synthesis
75
experiment messolsohn stahl replication
tube A - all heavy tube B - mix of heavy and light so intermediate position DNA in B must be made from one strand of heavy and light
76
why is ATP known as the universal energy currency?
provide energy in all cells for all reactions in all living organisms
77
5 roles of ATP
metabolic reactions active transport movement nerve transmission secretion
78
why is using ATP better than glucose
ATP - single reaction that releases energy immidiatley Glucose - many intermitories only one enzyme needed ATP, loads for glu atp releases energy in small amounts when and where its needed, glucose contains large amount of energy that would be released all at once
79
how much kJ of enery does every mole of hydrolysised ATP release?
30.6
80
what parts can mutate
dna and mrna
81
how are introns cut off
using endonucleases
82
how many H bonds are between adenine and thymine
2
83
how many H bonds are between cytosine and guanine
3
84
what bonds are in enzymes
hydrogen bonds disulphie bridges ionic bonds
85
defenition of an enzyme
biological catalysts increases rate of metabolic reactions without being used up themselves
86
what are anabolic enzymes
build larger products from smaller substrate molecules
87
what type of mol are lysosomes
enzymes
88
what are catabolic enzymes
break down large substrate molecules into smaller products
89
function of lysosome as an enzyme
destroy bacteria by breaking down their cell walls
90
effect of induced fit distorting a bond
makes substrate less stable reduces potential energy lowers activation energy of reaction
91
how do enzyme active site get denatured
increases vibration hydrogen bonds break change in tertiary structure
92
what do free H+ ions suggest
too acidic
93
what do free OH+ ions suggest
too alkaline
94
where is substrate conc limiting
start
95
where is enzyme conc limiting
end all active sites are occupied
96
what are buffers
maintain a constant pH soaks up hydrogen ions
97
how does compeitive inhibitor work
structurally similar to substrate and competes for the active site NOT SAME SHAPE, SIMILLAR
98
in a compeititive inhibitor question what points should you make
complementary structure to compete for active site, blocks from bonding fewer enzyme sub com formed increase sub, less effect
99
in a non compeitive inhibitor question what points should you make?
binds away from active site changes shape of enzyme active site changes increasing substrate conc has no effect
100
what are immobilised enzymes
fixed on inert matrix
101
example of immobilised enzymes
alginate beads
102
5 advantages of immobilised enzymes
doesn’t contaminate small quanity needed enzymes can be added and removed greater control over process greater stability - denature at higher temps
103
how does glass column work
substrate added at top diffuses into alginate matrix forms enzyme sub comp
104
why would you want to decrese flow rate
allow more contact time between enzyme and substrate - more complexes form
105
why do alginate beads work past normal optimum temp5g
alginate gel fills and supports enzymes active site maintaining shape of the active site
106
if it has 120 amino acids how many nucleotides would be required to code
360

unit 1 biol struggle list :( (1 decks)

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