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BIOLOGY 1 > Body as a whole > Flashcards

Body as a whole Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of Anatomy?

A

The study of the structure of the body parts

Anatomy describes what the heart looks like, the size and its location.

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2
Q

What is the definition of Physiology?

A

The study of the function of the body parts

Physiology describes how the heart pumps blood and why the pumping of blood is essential for life.

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3
Q

List the various levels of organization in the human body.

A
  • Chemical level
  • Cellular level
  • Tissues level
  • Organs
  • Systems
  • Organism
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4
Q

What are the major organ systems of the human body?

A
  • Integumentary system
  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular system
  • Nervous system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Lymphatic system
  • Endocrine system
  • Digestive system
  • Respiratory system
  • Urinary system
  • Reproductive system
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5
Q

What is the function of the Integumentary system?

A
  • Protection
  • Thermoregulation
  • Sensory perception
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6
Q

What are the major organs of the Skeletal system?

A
  • Bones
  • Joints
  • Cartilage
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7
Q

What are the functions of the Skeletal system?

A
  • Protects and supports body organs
  • Produces blood cells in bone marrow
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8
Q

What are the major organs of the Muscular system?

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
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9
Q

What are the functions of the Muscular system?

A
  • Movement of skeleton
  • Enables heart to pump blood
  • Moves blood through blood vessels
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10
Q

What are the major organs of the Nervous system?

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Nerves
  • Sense organs
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11
Q

What is the function of the Nervous system?

A

Sensory nerves receive stimuli and direct to spinal cord and brain.

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12
Q

What are the major organs of the Cardiovascular system?

A
  • Blood
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
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13
Q

What are the functions of the Cardiovascular system?

A
  • Pumps blood throughout the body
  • Transports nutrients and waste
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14
Q

What are the major organs of the Lymphatic system?

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Lymph
  • Lymphatic organs
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15
Q

What is the function of the Lymphatic system?

A

Defends the body against pathogens.

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16
Q

What are the major organs of the Endocrine system?

A

Contains numerous glands.

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17
Q

What are the functions of the Endocrine system?

A
  • Secretes hormones
  • Regulates growth, reproduction, metabolism, and water balance
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18
Q

What are the major organs of the Digestive system?

A
  • Alimentary canal
  • Accessory organs (e.g., Liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
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19
Q

What are the functions of the Digestive system?

A
  • Ingests food and breaks it down into absorbable substances
  • Eliminates waste
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20
Q

What are the major organs of the Respiratory system?

A
  • Lungs
  • Structures that conduct air to and from the lungs
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21
Q

What are the functions of the Respiratory system?

A
  • Oxygen moves into the lungs
  • Carbon dioxide moves out of the lungs
  • Regulates acid-base balance
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22
Q

What are the major organs of the Urinary system?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Other structures
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23
Q

What are the functions of the Urinary system?

A
  • Excretes waste products through urine
  • Controls water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
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24
Q

What are the major organs of the Reproductive system?

A
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
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25
What is the function of the Reproductive system?
Enables humans to reproduce.
26
What is the Dorsal cavity?
Protects internal organs.
27
What does the Dorsal cavity consist of?
* Cranial cavity * Spinal cavity
28
What is contained within the Cranial cavity?
The brain.
29
What is contained within the Spinal cavity?
The spinal cord.
30
What does the Ventral cavity consist of?
* Thoracic cavity * Abdominal cavity * Pelvic cavity
31
What does the Thoracic cavity contain?
* Heart * Lungs
32
What does the Abdominal cavity contain?
* Stomach * Liver * Intestines
33
What does the Pelvic cavity contain?
* Urinary bladder * Reproductive organs
34
What is the Anatomical Position?
Body standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides, palms facing forward, feet slightly apart or together.
35
What does 'Superior' mean in anatomical terms?
'Above another' or 'towards the head'.
36
What does 'Inferior' mean in anatomical terms?
'Below another' or 'towards the feet'.
37
What does 'Anterior' mean in anatomical terms?
Towards the front.
38
What does 'Posterior' mean in anatomical terms?
Towards the back.
39
What does 'Medial' mean in anatomical terms?
Towards the midline.
40
What does 'Lateral' mean in anatomical terms?
Away from the midline.
41
What does 'Proximal' mean in anatomical terms?
Closer to the point of origin.
42
What does 'Distal' mean in anatomical terms?
Further from the point of origin.
43
What is a plane in anatomical terms?
An imaginary flat surface that separates two portions of the body or organs.
44
What is the Frontal plane?
Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
45
What is the Sagittal plane?
Divides the body into left and right sections.
46
What is the Transverse plane?
Divides the body into superior and inferior sections.
47
What is the transverse plane?
Divides the body into superior and inferior sections ## Footnote A cut across this plane is called a transverse section, a horizontal section, or a cross-section.
48
What are the four quadrants of the abdominal-pelvic area?
* Right Upper Quadrant * Right Lower Quadrant * Left Upper Quadrant * Left Lower Quadrant
49
What are the nine regions of the abdominal-pelvic area?
* Right hypochondriac region * Epigastric region * Left hypochondriac region * Right lumbar region * Umbilical region * Left lumbar region * Right iliac (inguinal) region * Hypogastric (pubic) region * Left iliac (inguinal) region
50
Where is the epigastric region located?
Between left and right hypochondriac region, immediately superior to the umbilical region.
51
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell.
52
What is a semi-permeable membrane?
Allows certain molecules and ions to enter/leave the cell.
53
Where is the nucleus located?
Within the cytoplasm and near the centre of the cell.
54
What does the nucleus contain?
Chromosomes of the cell.
55
What is the function of the nucleus?
Controls activities of the cell and every organelle within the cytoplasm and facilitates cell division.
56
What are chromosomes made up of?
Strands of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).
57
What is the role of the nucleolus?
Aids in protein synthesis.
58
What is cytoplasm also known as?
Gel in the cell.
59
What does the cytoplasm contain?
* Protein * Lipids * Carbohydrates * Minerals * Salts * Water (70-90%)
60
What are the major organelles of the cell?
* Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) * Ribosomes * Golgi apparatus * Mitochondria * Lysosomes * Centrosome * Cytoskeleton (Microfilament & microtubules)
61
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
* Rough ER * Smooth ER
62
What is the function of ribosomes?
Sites for protein synthesis.
63
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Stores and packages protein for export from cells.
64
What is the function of mitochondria?
Site for ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) production.
65
What do lysosomes contain?
Enzymes.
66
What is the function of lysosomes?
Digest old, worn-out cells, bacteria, foreign matter.
67
What is the centrosome?
A tidy round body containing centrioles.
68
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Maintain shape of the cells and assist in various forms of cellular movement.
69
What are the two types of cell division?
* Mitosis * Meiosis
70
What is produced during mitosis?
2 identical daughter cells, each containing 46 chromosomes.
71
What occurs during meiosis?
A parent cell produces 4 daughter cells, each containing 23 chromosomes.
72
What is passive transport?
Movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy.
73
What are the two types of passive transport?
* Diffusion * Osmosis
74
What is diffusion?
Movement of substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
75
What is osmosis?
Movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration across a semipermeable membrane.
76
What is active transport?
Movement of a substance across a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, requiring energy.
77
What is Active Transport?
Movement of a substance across a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration (against a concentration gradient) ## Footnote Active transport requires energy (adenosine triphosphate) to function.
78
What energy source is required for Active Transport?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ## Footnote ATP is utilized to move substances against their concentration gradient.
79
In Active Transport, substances move from _______ to _______.
Low concentration to high concentration
80
What edition of 'The Human Body in Health and Illness' is referenced?
7th edition ## Footnote This book is authored by B. Herlihy and published by Elsevier in 2022.
81
Who are the authors of 'Tabbner’s Nursing Care: Theory and Practice'?
G. Koutoukidis & K. Stainton ## Footnote This book is in its 8th edition, published by Elsevier in 2020.
82
What is the title of the 14th edition book authored by A. S. Scott & T. P. Bell?
Body Structures and Functions ## Footnote This book is published by Cengage in 2022.
83
What is the main focus of 'Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness'?
Anatomy and Physiology ## Footnote This book is authored by A. Waugh & A. Grant, and it is in its 14th edition, published by Elsevier in 2022.

BIOLOGY 1 (12 decks)

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