Body At War Questions

Question 1

Define the word disease?

Answer 1

A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism

Question 2

What is the difference between infectious and non-infectious diseases?

Answer 2

Infectious diseases can spread from one person to another it can be contagious. Non-infectious diseases cannot spread or transfer from one person to another

Question 3

Name 3 infectious and 3 non-infectious diseases?

Answer 3

Infectious- Influenza, Chicken Pox, Measles, COVID-19, Mumps, Athlete’s foot
Non-Infectious- Asthma, Cancer, Epilepsy

Question 4

Describe 3 ways disease causing microbes can spread

Answer 4

Air, water, food, direct contact, indirect contact, coughing, sneezing

Question 5

What is a host?

Answer 5

Organism that carries the pathogen and can spread to infect others.

Question 6

What is a vector? Give an example

Answer 6

An organism that can spread disease but is not harmed itself. E.g. mosquitoes carrying the
pathogen that causes malaria and will spread when they bite.

Question 7

What is the name given to a disease causing microbes?

Answer 7

Pathogen

Question 8

Bacteria

Question 9

Virus

Question 10

Fungi

Question 11

Why are viruses not classified as living?

Answer 11

Viruses require a host cell to replicate. Without a living host cell, the virus is unable to replicate.

Question 12

What is and antibiotic? Give an example.

Answer 12

Examples include penicillin. These are chemicals that break down the bacterial cell in the body
and destroys bacteria.

Question 13

How do bacteria reproduce?

Answer 13

Through binary fission

Question 14

What conditions do Bacteria like to reproduce?

Answer 14

Warm and wet/damp

Question 15

Name 2 diseases caused by bacteria

Answer 15

Salmonella (food poisoning), chlamydia, whooping cough, tuberculosis.

Question 16

What is antibiotic resistance?

Answer 16

When antibiotics have no effect in the body as the bacteria have developed a resistance to them.

Question 17

How do resistant bacteria (super bugs) develop?

Answer 17

Overuse or misuse of antibiotics. strains of bacteria that have adapted after coming into contact
with an antibiotic. Once this happens, these bacteria become “resistant” to the antibiotic to which they have been exposed, which means the antibiotic cannot kill the bacteria or stop them from multiplying.

Question 18

Describe a virus.

Answer 18

Avirusis a tiny, infectious particle that can reproduce only inside a host cell.

Question 19

Name 2 diseases caused by viruses.

Answer 19

Chicken pox, common cold, hepatitis, AIDS

Question 20

How do viruses reproduce?

Answer 20

The virus uses/hijacks the host cell to replicate. The DNA is injected into the host and the host makes copies of the viral DNA. Also, viruses can mutate and change the shape of their antigens.

Question 21

Describe a fungus.

Answer 21

Any of a group of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including moulds, yeast,
mushrooms, and toadstools.

Question 22

Name 2 fungal diseases.

Answer 22

Thrush, athletes foot, ringworm.

Question 23

How do fungi reproduce?

Answer 23

Fungi reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or by producing spores.

Question 24

What is the difference between an antiseptic and disinfectant?

Answer 24

Both Kill microorganisms. An antiseptic is applied to the body, while disinfectants are applied to
nonliving surfaces, such as countertops and handrails.

Question 25

How can bacterial infection spread?

Answer 25

Binary fission- in the correct conditions they will divide asexually every 20 minutes

Question 26

Name 4 parts of the first line of defense

Answer 26

hair, cilia, mucous, intact skin, stomach acid, tears

Question 27

Name 2 physical and 2 chemical barriers to disease (first line of defence).

Answer 27

Physical include: hair, cilia, mucous, intact skin Chemical: stomach acid, lysosomes in tears, sweat.

Question 28

What is a phagocyte?

Answer 28

A type of white blood cell which engulfs pathogens.

Question 29

Why does swelling and redness often occur after infection?

Answer 29

Certain immune cells release HISTAMINE, a chemical that causes an INCREASE of blood flow to the area where pathogens have been detected. White blood cells then come in and consume pathogens (Phagocytosis). This leads to the site becoming Red, swollen, hot and painful. Known as inflammation.

Question 30

Why is it good for scabs to form over cuts?

Answer 30

To seal the skin barrier and prevent further infection

Question 31

What are antigens?

Answer 31

Antigens are proteins located on the surface of our cells and other pathogens. They help the body to determine what is self and non self.

Question 32

What cells produce antibodies?

Answer 32

Lymphocytes- B cells produce antibodies.

Question 33

Draw a labelled diagram of an antigen-antibody complex and explain how it works?

Answer 33

Neutralisation works by antibodies binding to the pathogen to stop the pathogen from replicating or invading other cells. This makes it easier for phagocytes to engulf the pathogen. Clumping works by antibodies binding to several pathogens. This groups many pathogens together. Phagocytes then come and engulf the clumped pathogens. In both methods, the antibody binds to the antigen on the pathogen. The antibody must have the same complementary shape as the pathogen.

Question 34

Where are B and T lymphocytes (white blood cells) produced?

Answer 34

B cells – bone marrow T cells – thymus

Question 35

What are memory white blood cells and what are their function in immunity?

Answer 35

After B cells produce antibodies, some B cells are stored are memory cells. This is stored in the body for a quicker and larger response if the body is encountered with the same pathogen later.

Question 36

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

Answer 36

Active – the body’s natural defence against the pathogen. Eg. Producing antibodies. Passive – the body is induced eg. Antiviral , vaccinations

Question 37

What are vaccines and how do they work?

Answer 37

Vaccines contain a weakened form of the pathogen. This introduces the body to the pathogen so then the body can build immunity. The body can make B cells and T cells specific to the introduced pathogen to then make memory cells so when the body encounters the pathogen, the body is able to respond faster.

Question 38

Why is it necessary to often have 2 injections against a specific disease?

Answer 38

Some diseases require a booster injection. This is because the memory cells may do not live for long and more need to be produced.

Question 39

What hygiene conditions would help decrease the spread of disease?

Answer 39

Wash hands regularly, cover nose and mouth when coughing, use gloves when handling food.

Question 40

What is an STI/STD?

Answer 40

Sexually Transmitted Infection/Disease

Question 41

Name 2 ways these diseases/infections can spread

Answer 41

Sexual intercourse (Vaginal or oral) Passed from mother to baby in Childbirth or pregnancy