Body Defense

Question 0

The immune system must be able to recognize?

Answer 0

Self from non-self

Question 1

An animal must be able to prevent pathogen entry into the body to maintain what?

Answer 1

Homeostasis

Question 2

The goal of the immune system is to _____ the pathogen

Answer 2

Eliminate

Question 3

If the immune system is successful in eliminating the pathogen the animal will?

Answer 3

Survive, remain productive and develop enhanced long-term protection against the pathogen

Question 4

What occurs if the animal isn’t successful in eliminating the pathogen?

Answer 4

Disease, reduced productivity and ultimately death

Question 5

What are non-pathogenic commensal microbial populations?

Answer 5

They reside on the epithelium of the skin and mucosal surfaces of the GI, respiratory and urogenital tracts

Question 6

The immune system tolerates the commensal microbes because they are in what kind of relationship?

Answer 6

Symbiotic relationship

Question 7

What is a symbiotic relationship?

Answer 7

Host provides nutrients and and environment that supports microbe survival. Microbe makes nutrients available to host and provides a level of protection against invading microbes.

Question 8

What are the two arms of the immune system?

Answer 8

Innate and acquired (adaptive)

Question 9

What arm of the immune system is ancient and highly conserved?

Answer 9

Innate

Question 10

When did the acquired immune system become functional?

Answer 10

525-652 MYA

Question 11

What two genes were involved in the evolution of the acquired immune system?

Answer 11

RAG1 and RAG2

Question 12

What are the gene products of RAG1 and RAG2 and what do they do?

Answer 12

Enzymes that mediate the first steps of B cell receptor and T cell receptor V,D,J gene recombination.

Question 13

What is a somatic mutation?

Answer 13

Change in genetic structure that is not inherited from a parent nor is it passed on to the offspring

Question 14

What is immunity?

Answer 14

The protection provided by the immune system to resist infection

Question 15

What are the effectors called that make up the innate and acquired immune system and this provide immunity?

Answer 15

Humoral proteins and cells

Question 16

The innate and acquired immune response is regulated by?

Answer 16

Self and the neuro endocrine system

Question 17

Excessive and prolonged immune responses contribute to host tissue damage that can lead to what 4 things?

Answer 17

Chronic inflammatory disease, development and proliferation of tumor cells, sensitization to environmental antigens and sensitization of self-antigens

Question 18

What does sensitization to environmental antigens lead to?

Answer 18

Allergy

Question 19

Sensitization to self-antigens may lead to?

Answer 19

Autoimmune disease

Question 20

During microbial invasion, immune cells release immune signaling molecules called? As well as?

Answer 20

Cytokines as well as neuropeptides

Question 21

What is the neuroendocrine-immune axis?

Answer 21

Bidirectional communication between the CNS and immune response

Question 22

What is the best host anti microbial defense?

Answer 22

Restrict microbial access and attachment to epithelial cells (skin, repiratory, GI and urogenital tract)

Question 23

What are some barriers?

Answer 23

Sloughing of dead cells making up the stratum corneum of skin, mucous flow from the skin of many fish species and amphibians and tracts in other animals, increased body temperature in homeothermic species, low pH of the stomach, anaerobic GI tract, colonization of commensal microbes along the host epithelium, physical processes such as vomiting and diarrhea

Question 24

Immune cells and humoral proteins provide ______ protection to the host

Answer 24

Immediate

Question 25

The innate immune response manifests as?

Answer 25

The host inflammatory response

Question 26

What is the inflammatory response triggered by?

Answer 26

Recognition of danger signals otherwise known as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by soluble and cell membrane pattern-recognition receptors (PAMPs)

Question 27

What are the two danger signals?

Answer 27

Highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) making up the microbial membrane an host alarm signals (alarmins) that are released by damaged host cells.

Question 28

What arm of the immune system has limited specificity and does not provide long-term enhanced protection?

Answer 28

Innate

Question 29

The inflammatory response typically remains ______ to site(s) of infection

Answer 29

Localized

Question 30

How does the systemic inflammatory response syndrome occur? And what can it lead to?

Answer 30

When local defenses are breached and the infection becomes systemic. It can lead to sepsis resulting in organ failure and death.

Question 31

What arm of the immune response has long-term immunity and is highly specific?

Answer 31

Acquired immune response

Question 32

The acquired immune response can manifest as?

Answer 32

A humoral antibody response (AbMIR) or a cell-mediated immune response (CMIR)

Question 33

What does the AbMIR target?

Answer 33

Extra cellular pathogens

Question 34

What does the CMIR target?

Answer 34

Intercellular pathogens

Question 35

How does the acquired immune response occur?

Answer 35

Has to be sufficient inflammation to activate innate immune cells to a level where they will process and present microbial antigens to antigen-specific lymphocytes in highly specialized lymphoid tissues

Question 36

Do the antigen-specific lymphocytes become activated?

Answer 36

YES!

Question 37

What do antigen specific lymphocytes do?

Answer 37

Becomes activated to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells of the acquired immune system

Question 38

How long does the primary acquired immune response occur?

Answer 38

Days-to-weeks

Question 39

A higher level of protection much more efficient than the primary acquired immune response is a result of?

Answer 39

Subsequent encounters with the invading pathogen

Question 40

True or false - enhanced level of protection of the acquired immune response reaches a threshold over time

Answer 40

True

Question 41

True or false - the immune system does not aid in the repair and remodeling of tissue

Answer 41

False

Question 42

What is the resolution phase of the immune response?

Answer 42

Repair and remodeling of tissues damaged during infection

Question 43

What do antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the AbMIR do?

Answer 43

Present antigens from extracellular pathogens to antigen specific T cells.

Question 44

What do T cells of the AbMIR do?

Answer 44

Activate antigen specific B cells to proliferate and differentiate into effector plasma cells

Question 45

What do effector plasma cells of the AbMIR do?

Answer 45

Secrete antibodies with various effector functions

Question 46

What do CMIR intracellular pathogen's antigen presenting cells do?

Answer 46

Present antigens to antigen specific T cells

Question 47

What do T cells of the CMIR do?

Answer 47

Proliferate and differentiate into effector T cells

Question 48

What do effector T cells do?

Answer 48

Target pathogen infected cells for killing

Question 49

What has gene duplication contributed to?

Answer 49

Copy number variation that affects mRNA expression, the development of pseudogenes utilized during BCR and TCT gene recombination, the development of non-coding RNA that are involved in gene regulation, development of genes w slightly different or completely novel functions