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Medicine Unit 2 > Body fluid compartments > Flashcards

Body fluid compartments Flashcards

1
Q

total body water as a percentage of body weight

A

50-70%

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2
Q

correlation: body water and body fat

A

inverse correlation
females have a higher percentage of adipose tissue than males so have less body water

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3
Q

where is total body weight distributed

A

between 2 major compartments
intracellular
extracellular

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4
Q

intracellular fluid

A

contained within the cells
2/3 of the total body water

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5
Q

extracellular fluid

A

outside the cells
1/3 of total body water
divided into plasma and interstitial fluid

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6
Q

divisions of extracellular fluid

A

1/4 plasma
3/4 interstitial fluid

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7
Q

plasma

A

fluid circulating in the blood vessels

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8
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid that bathes the cells

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9
Q

rule to remember the divisions of fluid compartments

A

60-40-20
60= water
40= ICF
20= ECF

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10
Q

components of ICF

A

potassium and magnesium are major cations
proteins, organic phosphates (ATP, ADP and AMP) are major anions

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11
Q

ECF components

A

major cation is sodium
major anions is chloride and bicarbonate

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12
Q

plasma components

A

55% blood volume
of which 93% is water and 7% is proteins q

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13
Q

interstitial fluid components

A

ultra filtrate of plasma
has nearly the same composition as plasma except plasma proteins and blood cells

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14
Q

what is the barrier between plasma and interstitial fluid

A

capillary wall

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15
Q

nature of the capillary wall

A

one layer of cells
pores between cells
water: freely permeable
small molecules, permeable
large molecules e.g. albumin, impermeable

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16
Q

what is the barrier between ECF and ICF

A

cell membrane

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17
Q

nature of the cell membrane

A

lipid bilayer
channels and carriers
freely permeable to water
relatively impermeable to ions
relatively impermeable to large molecules

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18
Q

lipid bilayer

A

repels water and anything dissolved n it

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19
Q

channels and carriers

A

membrane proteins that allow charged ions and water to cross

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20
Q

how do ions cross the cell membrane

A

via channels
very slowly
very small amounts

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21
Q

equivalent

A

used to describe the amount of charged solute
number of moles of the solute multiplied by its valence

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22
Q

osmole

A

number of particles in which a solute dissociates in solution

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23
Q

osmolarity

A

concentration of particles in solution expressed as osmoles per litre

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24
Q

what does it mean if a solute doesn’t dissolve in solution

A

then its osmolarity is equal to its molarity

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25
Q

if solute dissolves into more than one particle in solution then what Does that mean

A

then osmolarity is equal to molarity multiplied by number of particles in solution

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26
Q

osmolality

A

concentration os osmotically active particles
expressed as osmoses
per kilogram of water

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27
Q

principle of macroscopic electroneutrality

A

each compartment must have the same concentration of cations and anions

28
Q

how to maintain concentration differences across cell membranes

A

sodium potassium pump
Calcium ATPase

29
Q

why is maintaining a concentration different across membranes important

A

as the differences between ICF and ECF underlie important physiologic functions

30
Q

important physiologic functions that rely on concentration differences in ICF and ECF

A

resting membrane potential of nerve and muscle
upstroke of the action potential of excitable cels
excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells
absorption of essential nutrients

31
Q

concentration differences between plasma and interstitial fluids

A

presence in proteins in the plasma compartment
plasma proteins do not cross the capillary walls because of their large molecular size
presence of albumin: A- in plasma

32
Q

what are starling forces

A

pressures that control fluid movement across the capillary wall
oncotic and hydrostatic pressures

33
Q

net movement of water out of capillaries

A

filtration

34
Q

net movement into the capillaries

A

absorption

35
Q

Pc

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure
fluid out of the capillaries

36
Q

pi c

A

capillary oncotic pressure
fluid into the capillaries

37
Q

Pi

A

interstitial hydrostatic pressure
fluid into the capillaries

38
Q

pi i

A

interstitial oncotic pressure
fluid out of the capillaries

39
Q

sigma

A

reflection coefficient
ranging between 0 and 1
describes with ease with which a solute crosses a membrane

40
Q

Kf

A

filtration coefficient

41
Q

net filtration equation

A

Kf[(Pc-Pi) - sigma(pi c - pi i)]

42
Q

simple diffusion

A

passive transport
down concentration gradient
not carrier mediated
doesn’t use metabolic energy
isn’t dependent on Na+ gradient

43
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive
down concentration gradient
is carrier mediated
doesn’t use metabolic energy
doesn’t depend on Na+ gradient

44
Q

primary active transport

A

active
up concentration gradient
is carrier mediated
directly uses metabolic energy
isn’t dependent on Na+ gradient

45
Q

cotransport

A

secondary active
is carrier mediated
indirectly uses metabolic energy
solutes move in the same direction as Na+ across the cell membrane

46
Q

counter transport

A

secondary active
is carrier mediated
indirectly uses metabolic energy
solutes move in the opposite direction as Na+ across the cell membrane

47
Q

secondary active

A

Na+ is transported down concentration gradient and one or more solutes are transported up

48
Q

downhill

A

substances transported down an electrochemical gradient

49
Q

uphill

A

substances transported against an electrochemical gradient

50
Q

how does downhill transport occur

A

diffusion: simple or facilitated
requires no metabolic energy

51
Q

how does uphill transport occur

A

active transport, either primary or secondary
requires metabolic energy

52
Q

what do carrier mediated transport mechanisms have in common

A

need protein carrier
saturation
stereospecificity
competition

53
Q

saturation

A

carrier proteins have a limited number of binding site for the solute

54
Q

stereospecificity

A

binding sites for solute on the transport proteins are stereospecific

55
Q

competition

A

although binding sites are specific they may recognise bind and even transport chemically related solutes

56
Q

brownian motion

A

random dispersion of molecules from high to low concentration

57
Q

diffusion occurs until it reaches what

A

same concentration on both sides
dynamic equilibrium

58
Q

osmosis

A

flow of water across a semipermeable membrane because of differences in solute concentration
concentration differences of impermeant solutes establish osmotic pressure differences
osmotic pressure differences causes water to flow by osmosis

59
Q

diffusion VS osmosis, diffusion points

A

can occur if both solute and solvent can pass through a permeable membrane
can occur in the absence of a permeable membrane
solute particles move form an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

60
Q

diffusion VS osmosis, osmosis points.

A

creates a pressure that can be measured
occurs when only solvent can pass through aa semi permeable membrane
solvent particles move across a semipermeable membrane from dilute to concentrated solution

61
Q

example of facilitated diffusion

A

transport of D-glucose
into skeletal muscle
by GLUT4 transporter

62
Q

example of primary active transport

A

sodium potassium pump

63
Q

what maintains the Na+ gradient in secondary active transport

A

sodium potassium pump

64
Q

examples of secondary active transport

A

cotransport/ symport
counter transport/ antiport

65
Q

what happens if isotonic solution is added to ECF

A

osmolarity of ECF doesn’t change
main effect is an increase in ECF volume

66
Q

what happens if hypertonic solution is added to ECF

A

osmolarity increases
causes osmosis of water out of the cells and into the ECF
almost all added NaCl remains in the ECF, fluid diffuses from cells into extracellular space, achieve osmotic equilibrium
net effect: increase in ECF volume, decrease in ICF volume, rise in osmolarity in both

67
Q

what happens is hypotonic solution is added to the ECf

A

osmolarity of ECF decreases
some of the ECF water diffuses into the cells until the ICF and ECF have the same osmolarity
both ICF and ECF volumes are increased, ICF increases to a greater extent

Medicine Unit 2 (28 decks)

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