Body Fluid Compartments and Basic Renal Processes

Question 1

What is molarity?

Answer 1

Number of moles of solute/ liters of solution

Question 2

What is an osmole?

Answer 2

Amount of substance that dissociates in solution to form 1 mole of osmotically active particles

Question 3

What is osmolarity?

Answer 3

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution

Question 4

What term describes a solution with the same osmolarity as plasma? Below? Above?

Answer 4

Isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic

Question 5

How can total solute be calculated from volume and concentration?

Answer 5

Total solute= conc* volume

Question 6

What is the role of the kidneys?

Answer 6

Maintenance of constant body fluid volume and composition

Question 7

What are the functions of the kidneys?

Answer 7

Regulate water and inorganic ion balance, acid-base balance, eliminate metabolic waste products, eliminate foreign compounds, gluconeogenesis, secrete hormones

Question 8

What hormones are secreted by the kidney?

Answer 8

Erythropoietin, Renin, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3

Question 9

What is osmolality?

Answer 9

osmoles/ kg solvent

Question 10

What is the typical osmolarity of the serum?

Answer 10

290 mOsm/ L

Question 11

What determine the extracellular fluid volume? The intracellular fluid volume?

Answer 11

Mainly by amount of Na+ in ECF; Mainly by total body K+ content

Question 12

What cation and anion are most prevalent in intracellular fluid? Extracellular fluid?

Answer 12

K+ and Phosphate and organic anions; Na+ and Cl-

Question 13

What is the most abundant substance in the body?

Answer 13

Water

Question 14

What is included in the intracellular volume?

Answer 14

The volume of fluid within all cells of the body

Question 15

What is osmotic equilibrium?

Answer 15

The net movement of water across a membrane

Question 16

How does water enter/exit the cell?

Answer 16

Aquaporins

Question 17

Which sex typically contains more fluid?

Answer 17

Males

Question 18

What is the average ratio of ICF: ECF?

Answer 18

2:1

Question 19

Within the ECF what is the ratio of interstitial fluid to plasma?

Answer 19

8:2

Question 20

What is the average total body water? Total ECF? Total ICF?

Answer 20

42 L; 17 L; 25 L

Question 21

How can total body water be estimated?

Answer 21

0.6 * body weight (kg)

Question 22

How can intracellular fluid be estimated? Extracellular fluid?

Answer 22

Intra- 0.4* weight (kg); Extra= 0.2* weight (kg)

Question 23

What organ system contains the most of the body’s intracellular fluid?

Answer 23

Muscle

Question 24

How does adding isotonic NaCl affect volume and osmolarity of ECF and ICF?

Answer 24

Osmolarity is maintained and ECFV increases

Question 25

How does adding hypotonic NaCl affect volume and osmolarity of ECF and ICF?

Answer 25

Osmolarity of ECF and ICF decrease; Both volumes increase

Question 26

How does adding hypertonic NaCl affect volume and osmolarity of ECF and ICF?

Answer 26

Osmolarity of both compartments increases; ECFV increases and ICFV decreases

Question 27

How would sweating 2 L and then drinking 2 L water affect osmolarity and volume of TBW, ECF and ICF?

Answer 27

Osmolarity decreases in all fluids; TBW stays the same, ECFV decreaes and ICFV increases

Question 28

What symptoms are associated with mild dehydration?

Answer 28

Thirst, dry lips and mouth, flushed skin, fatigue, irritability, headache, dark urine, decreased urine output

Question 29

What symptoms are associated with moderate dehydration?

Answer 29

Very dry mouth and tongue, skin doesn't rebound, sunken eyes, limited dark urine output, cramps, stiff painful joints, severe irritability and headache, fatigue

Question 30

What are the signs of severe dehydration?

Answer 30

Blue lips, cold hands and feet, inability to urinate or cry tears, tachypnea, rapid and weak pulse, hypotension, dizziness, fanting, confusion, convulsions, lethargy, high fever

Question 31

What are the consequences of hypo-osmolarity or hyponatremia? What is a common cause?

Answer 31

Increase cell volume leads to brain edema, increased intracranial pressure decreases cerebral blood perfusion and results in pressure necrosis, confusion, seizures, muscle weakness, spasms, coma, permanent brain damage, respiratory arrest, and death

Question 32

What are the potential consequences of hyperosmolarity or hypernatremia?

Answer 32

Thirst, CNS dysfunction, confusion, neuromuscular excitability, seizures, coma

Question 33

What type of capillary runs adjacent to the tubular lumen of the kidney?

Answer 33

Peritubular capillaries

Question 34

What membrane of the tubule cells faces filtrate?

Answer 34

Luminal (apical)

Question 35

What two types of transport are accomplished by tubular epithelial cells?

Answer 35

Paracellular and transcellular

Question 36

What is the term for transport from tubular fluid into the capillary?

Answer 36

Rebasorption

Question 37

What term describes movement from the capillary into tubular fluid?

Answer 37

Secretion

Question 38

Where does filtration occur?

Answer 38

From the glomerular capillary lumen into Bowman's space

Question 39

How can the amount of something excreted in the urine be calculated?

Answer 39

=Amount filtered + Amount Secreted - Amount Reabsorbed

Question 40

What molecules and ions are secreted by the tubule?

Answer 40

H+, K+, Organic anions (choline, urea, creatinine), and foreign chemicals