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PHGY 209 > Body Fluids > Flashcards

Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

Fundamental principle of physiology?

A

At all levels of organisation, functional activities are directed at maintaining homeostasis

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2
Q

Characteristics of the ‘‘milieu intérieur’’?

A

Different from external environment, relatively constant under conditions of health

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3
Q

Most abundant single constituant of the body?

A

Water

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4
Q

Percentage of body water?

A

45 to 75%

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5
Q

Water is the medium in which…

A

solutes are dissolved, metabolic reactions take place

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6
Q

What accounts for the variations in body water between individuals?

A

Proportion of body fat

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7
Q

Physiological reference individual :

A

21 y/o 70kg white male

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8
Q

Someone who has more fat will have

A

a lower percentage in body water

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9
Q

Someone who has less fat will have

A

a higher percentage in body water

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10
Q

Body water percentage is important for

A

administering water-soluble medication

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11
Q

Body water is exchanged

A

between an individual and its environment AND internally between compartments

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12
Q

Water intake (oral fluid)

A

1.2 L

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13
Q

Water intake (food)

A

1.1 L

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14
Q

Water intake (from metabolism)

A

0.4 L

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15
Q

Water output (lungs+skin) can be referred to as

A

insensible output

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16
Q

Water output (lungs+skin+kidneys+stool) can be reffered to as

A

obligatory losses

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17
Q

Obligatory water losses

A

1.5 L

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18
Q

Normal water intake

A

2.7 L

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19
Q

Facultative water losses vary with…

A

water intake

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20
Q

(Insensible perspiration vs sweating)

Pure water

A

Insensible perspiration

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21
Q

(Insensible perspiration vs sweating)

Passive evaporation

A

Insensible perspiration

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22
Q

(Insensible perspiration vs sweating)

Entire skin surface

A

Insensible perspiration

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23
Q

(Insensible perspiration vs sweating)

Continuous

A

Insensible perspiration

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24
Q

(Insensible perspiration vs sweating)

Electrolyte solution

A

Sweating

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25
Q

(Insensible perspiration vs sweating)

Active secretion

A

Sweating

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26
Q

(Insensible perspiration vs sweating)

Sweat glands

A

Sweating

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27
Q

(Insensible perspiration vs sweating)

Heavy work/high temps

A

Sweating

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28
Q

Water turnover over 24h (adult)

A

3-4%

29
Q

Water turnover over 24h (baby)

A

10%

30
Q

Constant water volume helps maintain

A

Normal solute concentrations, normal blood volume and pressure

31
Q

(Negative water balance vs water intoxication)

Reduced intake

A

Negative balance

32
Q

(Negative water balance vs water intoxication)

Excessive loss from gut

A

Negative balance

33
Q

(Negative water balance vs water intoxication)

Excessive sweating

A

Negative balance

34
Q

(Negative water balance vs water intoxication)

Excessive loss in expired air (dry air at high altitudes)

A

Negative balance

35
Q

(Negative water balance vs water intoxication)

Excessive loss in urine

A

Negative balance

36
Q

(Negative water balance vs water intoxication)

Excessive intake

A

Intoxication

37
Q

(Negative water balance vs water intoxication)

Renal system failure

A

Intoxication

38
Q

Can body water compartments exchange water freely between them?

A

Yes

39
Q

What are the two majors body compartments?

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluids (ECF)

40
Q

What fraction of body water does ICF hold?

A

2/3

41
Q

What fraction of body water does ECF hold?

A

1/3

42
Q

What are the two minor subcompartments?

A

Interstitial fluid (ISF) and plasma

43
Q

What percentage of body water does ISF hold?

A

15%

44
Q

What percentage of body water does plasma hold?

A

5%

45
Q

What are the two minor subcompartments and how much of ECF do they account for?

A

Lymph (1-2%) and transcellular fluid (<1-2%)

46
Q

What is plasma?

A

The medium in which RBCs are suspended

47
Q

What is an hematocrit (Ht)?

A

% of blood volume occupied by RBCs

48
Q

What is the packed cell volume linked to?

A

Hematocrit

49
Q

Normal hematocrit value?

A

45%

50
Q

What is the true ‘‘milieu intérieur’’?

A

ISF

51
Q

What does the lymphatic network filter?

A

ISF

52
Q

Where does the lymphatic network converge?

A

Large veins of the chest

53
Q

What kind of cells line the cavities in which transcellular fluids are secreted?

A

Epithelial cells

54
Q

Do transcellular fluids have specialized functions?

A

Yes

55
Q

What is the common method to determine the volume of body water compartments?

A

The indicator dilution method

56
Q

What is the formula linked to the indicator dilution method?

A

V=Q/c

57
Q

The four characteristics that lead to an indicator choice (indicator dilution method)?

A

Non-toxic, diffuses evenly, induce no change in distribution of water, easy to mesure

58
Q

Indicator choice for volume of total body water?

A

Antipyrine, D2O, T2O

59
Q

Indicator choice for volume of ECF?

A

Inulin, sucrose, mannitol

60
Q

Indicator choice for volume of plasma?

A

Evan’s Blue

61
Q

Two membranes an indicator has to pass through to reach the ICF (in order)?

A

Capillary wall, cell membrane

62
Q

What do we have to account for when using the indicator dilution method in a clinical situation?

A

Amount of substance removed by metabolism and excretion

63
Q

What do body fluids mainly consist of?

A

Aqueous solutions of inorganic ions with variable amounts of proteins

64
Q

ICF is rich in which ions?

A

K+ and Mg2+

65
Q

ECF is rich in which ions?

A

Na+ and Cl-

66
Q

What is the concentration of plasma/ISF in NaCl?

A

0.9% (dilute sea water?)

67
Q

What are the 3 artificial physiological solutions by croissant degree of complexity?

A

Physiological saline, Ringer’s solution, Locke-Ringer solution

68
Q

Viability of cells depends on…

A

Relative constancy of the internal environment and exchanges with the internal and (ultimately) the external environment

PHGY 209 (4 decks)

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