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Fundamentals > BODY FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES > Flashcards

BODY FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES Flashcards

1
Q

a delicate balance of fluids, electrolytes, and acids and bases maintained in the body.

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q
  • approximately 60% of average healthy adult’s weight (70% to 80% in infants and 50% to people older than 50)
  • is the primary body fluid
A

Water

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3
Q

TWO COMPARTMENTS OF BODY’S FLUID

A
  1. INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF)
  2. EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
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4
Q

found within the cells of the body; 2/3 of the total body fluid in adults.

A

INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF)

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5
Q

found outside the cells; 1/3 of the total body fluid

A

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)

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6
Q

Types of Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A

Intravascular Fluid (Plasma)
Interstitial Fluid

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7
Q

20% of the ECF; found within the vascular system

A

INTRAVASCULAR FLUID (PLASMA)

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7
Q

75% of the ECF; surrounds the cells

A

INTERSTITIAL FLUID

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8
Q

Composition of Body Fluids

A

Ions
Cations
Anions
Electrolytes

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9
Q

Charged particles

A

Ions

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10
Q

ions that carry a positive charge

A

Cations

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11
Q

ions that carry a negative charge

A

Anions

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12
Q

minerals in the body that have electrical charge; chemicals from which ions are made

A

Electrolytes

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13
Q

Group of Cations

A

Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Calcium (Ca++)
Magnesium (Mg++)

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14
Q

Group of Anions:

A

Chloride (Cl-)
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Phosphate (HPO4–)
Sulfate (SO4–)

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15
Q

Electrolytes are generally measured in

A

milliequivalents per Liter of water (mEq/L) or milligrams per 100 milliliters (mg/100mL)

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16
Q

4 Movements of body Fluid and Electrolyte

A

Osmosis
Diffusion
Filtration
Active Transport

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17
Q

Movement of water across cell membranes, from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution

A

Osmosis

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18
Q

substances dissolved in a liquid.

A

Solute

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19
Q

component that can dissolve a solute.

A

Solvent

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20
Q

the concentration of solutes in body fluids; solute per kilogram of water

A

Osmolality

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21
Q

power of a solution to draw water across a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmotic Pressure

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22
Q

pulls water from the interstitial space into the vascular compartment.

A

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

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23
Q

solute and solvent are equal.

A

Isotonic Solution

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24
Q

higher osmolality than body fluids; cells shrink

A

Hypertonic Solution

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25
Q

lower osmolality than body fluids; cells swell

A

Hypotonic solution

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26
Q

Movement of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

Diffusion

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27
Q

Fluid and solutes move together across a membranes from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure.

A

Filtration

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28
Q

pressure in the compartment that results in the movement.

A

Filtration Pressure

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29
Q

pressure exerted by a fluid within a closed system on the walls of the container in which it is contained.

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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30
Q

Substances can move across cell membranes from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one
It differs from diffusion and osmosis in that metabolic energy is expended.

A

Active Transport

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31
Q

3 REGULATING BODY FLUIDS

A

Fluid Intake
Fluid Output
Maintaining Homeostasis

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32
Q

Fluid Intake
An average adult needs ___ mL per day.

A

2,500 mL per day.

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33
Q

– primary regulator of fluid intake
- thirst center is located in the hypothalamus of the brain.
- it takes 30 minutes to 1 hour for the fluid to be absorbed and distributed throughout the body

A

Thirst mechanism

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34
Q

4 Homeostatic regulators/mechanisms:

A
  1. Kidneys
    1. Antidiuretic Hormone
    2. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
    3. Atrial Natriuretic Factor
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35
Q

Primary regulator of body fluids and electrolyte balance.
Regulates water and electrolyte secretion

A

Kidney

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36
Q

Kidney,Plays a significant role in ____, excreting hydrogen ion (H+) and retaining bicarbonate.

A

acid-base regulation

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37
Q

Regulates water excretion from the kidney
Synthesized in the anterior portion of the hypothalamus

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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38
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Produced when _______; conversely, ADH is suppressed when serum osmolality decreases

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39
Q

Restore blood volume (and renal perfusion) through sodium and water retention

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

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40
Q

Released from cells in the atrium of the heart in response to excess blood volume and stretching the atrial walls.
Reduces thirst, reducing fluid intake

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)

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41
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF), Promotes sodium wasting and acts as a ____, thus reducing vascular volume.

A

potent diuretic

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42
Q

Importance of electrolytes:

A

Maintaining fluid balance
Contributing to acid-base regulation
Facilitating enzyme reactions
Transmitting neuromuscular reactions

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43
Q

Electrolytes

A

Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Calcium (Ca++)
Magnesium (Mg++)
Chloride (Cl-)
Phosphate (PO4-)
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

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44
Q

Most abundant cation in the ECF and a major contribution to serum osmolality.
Aids in transmitting nerve impulses and contracting muscles
28

A

Sodium (Na+)

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45
Q

Normal value: 135-145 mEq/L

A

Sodium (Na+)

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46
Q

Major cation in ICF, with only small amount found in ECF.

Vital electrolyte for skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle activity.

A

Potassium (K+)

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47
Q

Normal serum levels: 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L

A

Potassium (K+)

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48
Q

99% of it is found in the skeletal system, with a relatively small amount in the ECF.
Vital in regulating muscle contraction and relaxation, neuromuscular function, and cardiac function.

A

Calcium (Ca++)

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49
Q

Normal total serum levels: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL

Normal ionized serum levels: 4-5 mg/dL

A

Calcium (Ca++)

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50
Q

_____ and _____ increase serum Ca++ levels;
_____ decreases serum levels

A

Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol increase
calcitonin

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51
Q

Primarily found in the skeleton and in ICF

Second most abundant ICF cation

Aids in relaxing muscle contractions, transmitting nerve impulses, regulating cardiac function, and intracellular metabolism.

A

Magnesium (Mg++)

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52
Q

Normal serum levels: 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L

A

Magnesium (Mg++)

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53
Q

Major anion of the ECF

When sodium is reabsorbed in the kidney, chloride usually follows.

Major component of gastric juice (HCl), and is involved in regulating acid-base balance.

A

Chloride (Cl-)

54
Q

Normal serum levels: 95 to 108 mg/dL

A

Chloride (Cl-)

55
Q

Major anion of ICF

Also found in the ECF, bone, skeletal muscle, and nerve tissue.

Aids in metabolizing Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat; it is absorbed in the intestines

A

Phosphate (PO4-)

56
Q

Normal serum levels: 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL

A

Phosphate (PO4-)

57
Q

Present in both ICF and ECF

Regenerated by the kidneys

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

58
Q

Primary function is to regulate acid-base balance (major body buffer)

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

59
Q

substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+)

A

Acid

60
Q

have a low hydrogen ion concentration and can accept hydrogen ions in solution.

A

Bases (Alkalis)

61
Q

the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution
-reflects the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution (inversely proportional)
-normal pH: 7.35-7.45

A

pH

62
Q

REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE

A

Buffers
Respiratory Regulation
Renal Regulation

63
Q

prevent excessive changes in pH by removing or releasing hydrogen ions.

A

Buffer

64
Q

Major buffer systems in the ECF:

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) –acid buffer; opponent of acids

Carbonic acid (H2CO3) –weak acid

65
Q

TO ACHIEVE NORMAL pH

A

1 part Carbonic Acid (1.2 mEq/L) : 20 parts bicarbonate (24 mEq/L)

66
Q

adding a strong acid in the ECF, depleting the bicarbonate and lowering the pH levels.

A

Acidosis

67
Q

adding a strong base to the ECF, depleting carbonic acid as it combines with the base, increasing the pH levels.

A

ALKALOSIS

68
Q

The lungs help regulate acid-base balance by eliminating or retaining Carbon Dioxide (CO2), a potential acid

A

RESPIRATORY REGULATION

69
Q

formula to get Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O)

70
Q

High Carbonic acid (H2CO3) and CO2 levels =

A

respiration rate and depth increases, exhaling CO2 and decreasing carbonic acid levels

71
Q

High Bicarbonate (HCO3-) levels =

A

the respiration rate and dept are reduced, retaining CO2 and increasing carbonic acid levels

72
Q

Kidneys are the ultimate long-term regulator of acid-base balance, although slower to respond to changes.

Kidneys regulate pH by reabsorbing and regenerating bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

A

RENAL REGULATION

73
Q

formula for Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

A

Hydrogen ion (H+) + Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

74
Q

RENAL REGULATION
High H+ ions (acidic) = kidneys reabsorb and regenerate bicarbonate and excrete hydrogen ions

A

kidneys reabsorb and regenerate bicarbonate and excrete hydrogen ions

75
Q

RENAL REGULATION
Low H+ ions (alkalosis) =

A

excess bicarbonate is excreted and H+ ion is retained

76
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING BODY FLUID, ELECTROLYTES, AND ACID-BASE BALANCE:

A

Age
Gender and Body Size
Environmental Temperature
Lifestyle

77
Q

Fluid Imbalances
Two basic types:

A

Isotonic
Osmolar

78
Q

water and electrolytes are lost or gained in equal proportions

A

Isotonic

79
Q

loss or gain of only water, so that the osmolality of the serum is altered (electrolytes are concentrated)

A

Osmolar

80
Q

Four Categories of Fluid Imbalances

A

Fluid Volume Deficit
Fluid Volume Excess
Dehydration (hyperosmolar imbalance)
Overhydration (hypo-osmolar imbalance)

81
Q

Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD) is the body loses both water and electrolytes from the ECF (intravascular compartment) in similar proportions, so it often is called

A

hypovolemia

82
Q

Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)/Hypovolemia Causes

A

Abnormal losses through the skin, GI tract, kidney
Movement of fluid in a third space (area that deems the fluid unavailable for us)

83
Q

Fluid Volume Excess (FVE) is
The body retains both water and sodium in similar proportions to normal ECF, often called

A

hypervolemia

84
Q

Fluid Volume Excess (FVE)/hypervolemia Causes

A

Increased intake of NaCl (sodium level is still normal, since both water and sodium are equally retained)

Infusion of sodium-containing fluids rapidly

Disease processes (heart failure, kidney failure, liver cirrhosis)

85
Q

excess interstitial fluid

A

Edema

86
Q

leaves a small depression or pit after finger pressure is applied

A

Pitting Edema

87
Q

Water is lost from the body, leaving the client with excess sodium

Sodium levels are increased

Cells are dehydrated/shrunk

A

Dehydration

88
Q

Dehydration Causes

A

○Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
○Osmotic diuresis
○Administration of hypertonic solutions

89
Q

Water is gained in excess of electrolytes, resulting in low serum osmolality and low serum Na+ levels
Cells are swollen
Can lead to cerebral edema and impaired neurologic function

A

Overhydration (hypo-osmolar imbalance)

90
Q

Overhydration (hypo-osmolar imbalance) Causes:

A

Causes:
○Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone (SIADH)
○Head Injury

91
Q

ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES: Sodium

A

Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia

92
Q

ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES: Potassium

A

Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia

93
Q

ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES: Calcium

A

Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia

94
Q

ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES: Magnesium

A

Hypomagnesemia
Hypermagnesemia

95
Q

ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES: Chloride

A

Hypochloremia
Hyperchloremia

96
Q

ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES: Phosphate

A

Hypophosphatemia
Hyperphosphatemia

97
Q

Classified as: respiratory or metabolic

Carbonic acid levels are normally regulated by the lungsthrough the retention/excretion of CO2 (respiratory acidosis or alkalosis)

A

Acid-base imbalances

98
Q

____ are regulated by the kidneys(metabolic acidosis or alkalosis)

A

Bicarbonate and Hydrogen ion levels

99
Q

Hypoventilation and CO2 retention cause carbonic acid to increase and the pH to fall below 7.35

A

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

100
Q

This causes the kidneys to retain bicarbonate to restore the normal carbonic acid to bicarbonate ratio
◎
May require hours to days to restore the normal pH

A

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

101
Q

When a person hyperventilates, exhaling more CO2 and decreasing carbonic acid levels = pH greater than 7.45

Causes: psychogenic or anxiety-related hyperventilation

Kidneys will excrete bicarbonate

A

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

102
Q

When bicarbonate levels are low in relation to the amount of carbonic acid = decreased pH

Stimulates the respiratory center = increase depth and rate of respirations; CO2 is eliminated and carbonic acid falls

A

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

103
Q

Causes: renal failure, inability of the kidneys to excrete H+, diabetic ketoacidosis

A

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

104
Q

The amount of bicarbonate in the body exceeds to the normal ratio

Causes: ingestion of NaHCO3 as an antacid, vomiting (loss of HCl)

A

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

105
Q

Depresses the respiratory rate (slow and shallow) = CO2 is retained and carbonic levels increases

A

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

106
Q

CLINICAL MEASUREMENTS

A

Daily Weights
Vital Signs
Fluid Intake and Output

107
Q

◎ Serum electrolytes
◎ Urine pH
◎ Urine specific gravity
◎ Urine Sodium and Chloride excretion
◎ Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)

A

LABORATORY TESTS

108
Q
  • measures the acidity, or
    pH, and the levels of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide
    (CO2) from an artery.
A

Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)

109
Q

Types of Intravenous Fluids

A
  1. Hypertonic solution – concentrated with solute,
    expanding vascular volume
  2. Hypotonic solution – less solutes, for treatment of
    cellular dehydration
  3. Isotonic solution –
    solute = plasma
110
Q

adequate fluids, consumption of a
balanced diet

A

Promote Wellness

111
Q

Enteral Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement

A
  1. Fluid intake modifications
  2. Dietary changes
  3. Oral electrolyte supplements
112
Q

Sodium Chloride

A

Normal Saline

113
Q

Sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium

A

Ringer’s solution

114
Q

Sodium, chloride,
potassium, calcium, and lactate (metabolized in the liver
to form bicarbonate)

A

Lactated Ringer’s solution

115
Q

dextran, plasma, albumin
- used for severe blood/plasma loss

A

Volume expanders

116
Q

Milliliters per hour – hourly rate of the fluid (cc/hr) formula

A

cc/hr = total infusion volume/
total infusion time

117
Q

Drops per minute – gtts/min formula

A

gtts/min = total infusion volume x drop factor/
total time of infusion in minutes

118
Q

number of drops delivered per mL of
solution (gtts/mL)
- printed on the package of the infusion set

A

Drop factor

119
Q

Venipuncture sites:
commonly
used for intermittent or
continuous infusions

A

Metacarpal
basilic
cephalic veins

120
Q

inserted in the subclavian or
jugular vein, with the distal tip
resting in the SVC.

A

Central Venous Catheters

121
Q

inserted in basilic or
cephalic vein, for long-term
intravenous access when the
client will be maintaining IV
therapy at home

A

Peripherally Inserted
Central Venous Catheter
(PICC)

122
Q

Can be effective in restoring intravascular (blood)
volume

A

BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS

123
Q

Four main groups/types of human blood:

A

A, AB, B, O

124
Q

___ (Rh) Factor: Rh+ or Rh-

A

Rhesus

125
Q

Blood should be typed and ____ first before
the transfusion

A

crossmatched

126
Q

is the only IV solution that is
compatible with blood products

A

0.9% NaCl (Plain NSS)

127
Q

Blood Products

A

Whole Blood
Packed RBC
Platelets
Fresh Frozen Plasma
Albumin and Plasma Protein Fraction

128
Q

Packed Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

A

increase the oxygencarrying
capacity of blood in anemia, surgery and
blood disorders

129
Q

not commonly used except for
extreme cases of acute hemorrhage; RBCs, plasma,
plasma proteins, fresh platelets, and other clotting
factors

A

Whole Blood

130
Q

bleeding disorders or platelet deficiency

A

Platelets

131
Q

expands blood volume and
provides clotting factors. No need to be typed and
crossmatched

A

Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)

132
Q

blood volume
expander

A

Albumin and Plasma Protein Fraction

Fundamentals (5 decks)

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