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BMS08 > Body Fluids & Osmolarity > Flashcards

Body Fluids & Osmolarity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a 1M solution?

A

1 mole of a substance (MW in grams) per litre of solution

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2
Q

How much is a millimole compared to a mole?

A

10^-3 or 0.001 mole = 1 millimole

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3
Q

How much is a umol compared to a mole?

A

10^-6

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4
Q

How much is a nmol compared to a mole?

A

10^-9

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5
Q

How much is a pmol compared to a mole?

A

10^-12

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6
Q

How much is a fmol compared to a mole?

A

10^-15

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7
Q

What are pressures in medicine usually measured in?

A

mmHg

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8
Q

How many mmHg is 1kPa?

A

7.5

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9
Q

How many kPa is 1mmHg

A

0.133

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10
Q

How much of a typical person is water (%)?

A

60%

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11
Q

What are the three main fluid compartments?

A

Plasma

Intracellular

Interstitial

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12
Q

How much water is in the body of a typical person (L)?

A

42L

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13
Q

What is the water content of lean tissue?

A

0.71 L/kg (depends on fat)

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14
Q

What percentage of a typical person’s body weight is intracellular water?

A

40%

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15
Q

What percentage of a typical person’s body weight is interstitial water?

A

15%

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16
Q

What percentage of a typical person’s body weight is plasma water?

A

5%

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17
Q

What volume of water is found in intracellular space?

A

28L

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18
Q

What volume of water is found in interstitial space?

A

10.5L

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19
Q

What volume of water is found in plasma space?

A

3.5L

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20
Q

What fluid compartments make up the extracellular space?

A

Interstitial

Plasma

(Bone fluid)

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21
Q

What volume of water is found in extracellular space?

A

14L

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22
Q

What percentage of a typical person is blood volume?

A

8%

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23
Q

How do you calculate the amount of fluid in intracellular space?

A

Total body water - extracellular space

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24
Q

How do you calculate the amount of fluid in interstitial space?

A

Extracellular space - plasma space

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25
What are the transcellular fluids?
Cerebrospinal fluid Aqueous and vitreous humours of eye Synovial fluid Amniotic fluid GI secretions Lymph
26
How do you measure an unknown volume?
Dilution method Add a known amount of substance (S) to an unknown volume (V) Measure the concentration of a thoroughly mixed sample V = S/C
27
What substances are used to measure plasma volume and why?
Evans Blue, labelled inulin, albumin Large so it will not leave capillaries
28
What substances are used to measure extracellular space and why?
24Na, sucrose Must not enter cells easily
29
What substance is used to measure total body water and why?
3H2O Distributes with all water
30
What are the constituents of body fluid other than water?
Ions/electrolytes Proteins Dissolved gases, nutrients and metabolites Cells
31
What are the major ions in body fluids?
Na+ K+ Cl-
32
What is the difference between osmolarity and osmolality?
Osmolarity = mOsm/L Osmolality = mOsm/kg
33
What is osmolarity determined by?
Total number of freely diffusible entities in solution
34
What is an osmole?
A mole of a substance in solution
35
What is Avogadro's number?
6.022 x 10^23
36
How many mOsm/L will 140mmol/L of NaCl produce?
280mOsm/L
37
How many mOsm/L will 10mmol/L of CaCl2 produce?
30mOsm/L
38
What is tonicity?
Osmolarity when fluids are separated by a semi-permeable membrane
39
How much pressure does 1 osmole exert in 1 litre of solution?
>17,000 mmHg
40
What controls plasma volume?
Osmolarity of plasma
41
What is the osmolarity of physiological fluids?
~300mOsm/L (>5000 mmHg)
42
What controls cell volume?
Osmolarity of intracellular fluid
43
What is an isotonic saline solution?
0.9% w/v NaCl Same tonicity as plasma
44
What creates crystalloid osmotic pressure?
Small diffusible ions
45
Explain how crystalloid osmotic pressure differences are created
Membrane is largely impermeable to ions Intra and extracellular osmolarity must be equal Freely diffusible water moves across membrane to reach equilibrium
46
Why is there no crystalloid osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls?
Ions can easily cross capillary walls
47
What creates oncotic osmotic pressure?
Proteins
48
What is another term for oncotic osmotic pressure?
Colloid osmotic pressure
49
How are oncotic osmotic pressure differences created?
Proteins too large to leave cells or cross capillary wall So very little protein in interstitial space Protein increases osmolarity so water moves into these compartments
50
How much oncotic osmotic pressure is exerted by proteins in capillaries?
25 mmHg
51
What usually balances oncotic osmotic pressure?
Hydrostatic pressure
52
What are the plasma and intracellular concentrations of sodium ions?
Plasma = 140mmol/L Intracellular = 10mmol/L
53
What are the plasma and intracellular concentrations of potassium ions?
Plasma = 4mmol/L Intracellular = (120-)140mmol/L
54
What are the plasma and intracellular concentrations of calcium ions?
Plasma = 2mmol/L Intracellular = 100nmol/L
55
What is the plasma concentration of chloride ions?
110mmol/L
56
What is the plasma concentration of bicarbonate ions?
24mmol/L
57
What is the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood?
70g/L
58
What is the concentration of albumin in the blood?
48g/L
59
What is the concentration of alpha/beta/gamma globulins in the blood?
0.7-13g/L each
60
What is the concentration of fibrinogen in the blood?
3g/L
61
What is the function of albumin?
Capillary fluid transport Buffering
62
What is the function of globulins?
Haemostasis Immune system Transport
63
What is the function of fibrinogen?
Haemostasis
64
What is the haemocrit/PCV in males and females?
Males = 0.47 Females = 0.42
65
What does PCV stand for?
Packed cell volume
66
What is haemocrit?
Red blood cell volume
67
What is the lifespan of a red blood cell in the blood?
120 days
68
What does haemoglobin do?
Carries oxygen Buffers blood pH
69
What is the typical red blood cell count in males and females?
Males = 5.5 x 10^12 /L Females = 4.8 x10^12 /L
70
What is the average value of the mean cell volume (rbc)?
85fl (femtolitres)
71
What does a higher mean cell volume tell you?
Larger red blood cells Decreased plasma osmolarity
72
How many leukocytes are in the blood?
4-11 x 10^9 /L
73
What important substances do basophils release?
Histamine Heparin
74
How many thrombocytes are in the blood?
150-400 x 10^9 /L
75
What percentage of most tissues is water?
70-80%
76
What percentage of plasma is water?
93% with 7% plasma solids
77
What percentage of fat is water?
10-15%
78
What percentage of bone is water?
20%
79
What condition is caused by plasma proteins reaching the tissue via damaged capillaries?
Oedema

BMS08 (7 decks)

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