body parts

Question 1

What are the main functions of the kidney?

Answer 1

Removal of waste and maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance.

Question 2

What fluid does the kidney help regulate?

Answer 2

Extracellular fluid, especially blood.

Question 3

What concept does kidney support to avoid accumulation?

Answer 3

Mass balance – everything entering the body must eventually leave.

Question 4

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 4

The nephron.

Question 5

What does the nephron do?

Answer 5

Makes urine and balances blood composition through filtration and reabsorption.

Question 6

What are the three main tubes connected to the kidney?

Answer 6

Renal artery, renal vein, and ureter.

Question 7

What are the two layers of the kidney?

Answer 7

Renal cortex (outer) and renal medulla (inner).

Question 8

What structure funnels urine into the ureter?

Answer 8

Renal pelvis.

Question 9

Where does filtration occur in the nephron?

Answer 9

Renal corpuscle, made up of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.

Question 10

What is the glomerulus?

Answer 10

A porous capillary network where filtration begins.

Question 11

What is ultrafiltration?

Answer 11

Water pressure forcing material out of the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule.

Question 12

What increases pressure in the glomerulus?

Answer 12

Narrower exit vessel compared to entry vessel.

Question 13

What are the layers material passes through during filtration?

Answer 13

Capillary wall, glomerular basement membrane, podocyte foot processes.

Question 14

What does inulin test?

Answer 14

Kidney filtration, as it is not reabsorbed.

Question 15

What is the role of microvilli in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 15

Increases surface area for absorption.

Question 16

How is glucose reabsorbed?

Answer 16

By active transport with sodium via cotransporters in the proximal tubule.

Question 17

What is the loop of Henle’s function?

Answer 17

Concentrates urine by removing water and pumping out solutes.

Question 18

Why does water move out of the descending limb?

Answer 18

Because of increasing solute concentration in the surrounding fluid.

Question 19

What happens in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

Answer 19

Solutes (like sodium and chloride) are actively pumped out, but water is retained.

Question 20

What hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct?

Answer 20

ADH (antidiuretic hormone).

Question 21

How does ADH work?

Answer 21

It inserts aquaporins into the collecting duct walls, increasing water reabsorption.

Question 22

What triggers ADH release?

Answer 22

High solute concentration in the bloodstream, detected by the hypothalamus.

Question 23

What hormone regulates potassium excretion?

Answer 23

Aldosterone.

Question 24

How does aldosterone affect potassium and sodium?

Answer 24

It increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion using sodium-potassium ATPases.

Question 25

What part of the nephron prevents red blood cells from entering urine?

Answer 25

The glomerular filter.

Question 26

What does 'hepatic' mean?

Answer 26

Pertaining to the liver.

Question 27

What does the liver produce to help clot wounds?

Answer 27

Coagulation factors.

Question 28

What is the liver’s role in hormone regulation?

Answer 28

It inactivates hormones to regulate their concentration.

Question 29

How does the liver protect against infection?

Answer 29

It destroys bacteria and viruses from the gut before they enter the bloodstream.

Question 30

What is the hepatic portal vein?

Answer 30

A vessel that brings nutrient-rich, low-oxygen blood from the gut to the liver (75% of blood supply).

Question 31

What is the hepatic vein?

Answer 31

Carries blood away from the liver after filtration and nutrient processing.

Question 32

What is the hepatic artery?

Answer 32

Supplies oxygen-rich blood to the liver from the heart (25% of blood supply).

Question 33

What are liver lobules?

Answer 33

Hexagonal functional units of liver tissue with a central vein and portal triads at the corners.

Question 34

What are hepatocytes?

Answer 34

Liver cells (80% of liver cells) that filter blood and produce bile.

Question 35

What is the portal triad?

Answer 35

Consists of a hepatic artery branch, portal vein branch, and hepatic duct.

Question 36

Where is bile made and where does it go?

Answer 36

Made by hepatocytes in lobules; flows to the hepatic duct and into the digestive system.

Question 37

How does the liver maintain glucose homeostasis?

Answer 37

Through glucagon (releases glucose) and insulin (stores glucose).

Question 38

How does the liver help regulate cholesterol?

Answer 38

By distributing cholesterol using lipoproteins: LDL and HDL.

Question 39

What is LDL?

Answer 39

Low-density lipoprotein; transports cholesterol from the liver to body cells and vessels (bad cholesterol).

Question 40

What is HDL?

Answer 40

High-density lipoprotein; collects cholesterol from body and returns it to the liver (good cholesterol).

Question 41

What is albumin?

Answer 41

A plasma protein made by the liver that maintains osmotic balance in blood vessels.

Question 42

What causes swelling in tissues?

Answer 42

Water moves out of capillaries via osmosis due to lower osmolarity in the blood.

Question 43

Why is iron important?

Answer 43

It helps transport oxygen in red blood cells by being part of hemoglobin.

Question 44

What is transferrin?

Answer 44

A protein that carries two atoms of iron in the blood.

Question 45

What is ferritin?

Answer 45

A protein complex that stores iron in the liver.

Question 46

How is iron recycled?

Answer 46

From old red blood cells broken down by white blood cells.

Question 47

What is hepcidin?

Answer 47

A hormone made by the liver that regulates iron levels by degrading ferroportin channels.

Question 48

What does high hepcidin do?

Answer 48

Prevents iron from entering the bloodstream by degrading ferroportin.

Question 49

What is ferroportin?

Answer 49

A channel protein that allows iron to pass through the cell membrane into the bloodstream.