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HS Biology > Body Structure and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Body Structure and Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The tendency to resist change in order to maintain a stable, relatively consistent, internal environment.

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2
Q

Negative Feedback Loops

A

Feedback loop that acts to oppose the triggering stimulus

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3
Q

Positive Feedback Loops

A

Feedback loop that amplifies the starting signal

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4
Q

Set Points

A

Target values of Negative Feedback Loops

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5
Q

Insulin

A

decreases the concentration of glucose in the blood. After you eat a meal, your blood glucose levels rise, triggering the secretion of insulin from β cells in the pancreas. Insulin acts as a signal that triggers cells of the body, such as fat and muscle cells, to take up glucose for use as fuel. Insulin also causes glucose to be converted into glycogen—a storage molecule—in the liver. Both processes pull sugar out of the blood, bringing blood sugar levels down, reducing insulin secretion, and returning the whole system to homeostasis.

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6
Q

Glucagon

A

increases the concentration of glucose in the blood. If you haven’t eaten for a while, your blood glucose levels fall, triggering the release of glucagon from another group of pancreatic cells, the α cells. Glucagon acts on the liver, causing glycogen to be broken down into glucose and released into the bloodstream, causing blood sugar levels to go back up. This reduces glucagon secretion and brings the system back to homeostasis.

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7
Q

Glucose

A

Basic energy source for the body.

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8
Q

Diabetes

A

a disease caused by a broken feedback loop involving the hormone insulin. The broken feedback loop makes it difficult or impossible for the body to bring high blood sugar down to a healthy level.

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9
Q

Order of Body Organization

A

Cells –> Tissues –> Organs –> Organ Systems

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10
Q

Cells

A

Smallest units of life

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11
Q

Tissues

A

Made of a group of similar cells that work together on a specific task

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12
Q

Organs

A

Structure made up of two or more tissues, organized to carry out a specific function

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13
Q

Organ Systems

A

Groups of organs with related functions

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14
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

Fluid outside of cells

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15
Q

Unicellular Organisms

A

Consist of only a single cell, ex. amoebas

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16
Q

Multicellular Organisms

A

Made up of many cells, ex. humans

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17
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

involved in sensing stimuli—external or internal cues—and processing and transmitting information.

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18
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

essential for keeping the body upright, allowing it to move, and even pumping blood and pushing food through the digestive tract.

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19
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

consists of tightly packed sheets of cells that cover surfaces—including the outside of the body—and line body cavities.

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20
Q

Connective Tissue

A

consists of cells suspended in an extracellular matrix. In most cases, the matrix is made up of protein fibers like collagen and fibrin in a solid, liquid, or jellylike ground substance. Connective tissue supports and, as the name suggests, connects other tissues.

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21
Q

Types of Nervous Tissue

A

It consists of two main types of cells: neurons, or nerve cells, and glia.

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22
Q

Types of Muscle Tissue

A

Muscle cells, often called muscle fibers, contain the proteins actin and myosin, which allow them to contract. There are three main types of muscle: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

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23
Q

Types of Epithelial Tissue

A

There are 8 types of epithelial tissues. Simple squamous, Stratified Squamous, Simple Cuboidal, Stratified Cuboidal, Simple Columnar, Stratified Columnar, Pseudostratified Columnar and Transitional epithelia or urothelium. ex. the outer layer of your skin is an epithelial tissue, and so is the lining of your small intestine.

24
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

A

Loose connective tissue is the most common type of connective tissue. It’s found throughout your body, and it supports organs and blood vessels and links epithelial tissues to the muscles underneath. Dense, or fibrous, connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments, which connect muscles to bones and bones to each other, respectively.

25
Q

Apical

A

The apical, top, side of an epithelial cell faces the inside of a cavity or the outside of a structure and is usually exposed to fluid or air.

26
Q

Basal

A

The basal, bottom, side of an epithelial cell faces the underlying cells.

27
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

found in the walls of blood vessels, as well as in the walls of the digestive tract, the uterus, the urinary bladder, and various other internal structures. Smooth muscle is not striped, striated, and it’s involuntary, not under conscious control.

28
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

also called striated—striped—muscle, is what we refer to as muscle in everyday life. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones by tendons, and it allows you to consciously control your movements.

29
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Found only in the walls of the heart. Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated, or striped. But it’s not under voluntary control… The individual fibers are connected by structures called intercalated disks, which allow them to contract in sync.

30
Q

Neurons

A

the basic functional unit of the nervous system. They generate electrical signals called conducted nerve impulses or action potentials that allow the neurons to convey information very rapidly across long distances.

31
Q

Major Organ Systems of The Body

A

Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Digestive, Endocrine, Integumentary, Muscular, Nervous, Reproductive, Respiratory, Skeletal, Urinary, Immune.

32
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances to the cells and transports wastes, carbon dioxide, and other substances away from the cells; it can also help stabilize body temperature and pH

33
Q

Structures involved in Cardiovascular System

A

Heart, blood, and blood vessels

34
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Defends against infection and disease and transfers lymph between tissues and the blood stream

35
Q

Structures involved in Lymphatic System

A

Lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels

36
Q

Digestive System

A

Processes foods and absorbs nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water

37
Q

Structures involved in Digestive System

A

Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, exocrine pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine

38
Q

Endocrine System

A

Provides communication within the body via hormones and directs long-term change in other organ systems to maintain homeostasis

39
Q

Structures involved in Endocrine System

A

Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroids, endocrine pancreas, adrenals, testes, and ovaries.

40
Q

Integumentary System

A

Provides protection from injury and fluid loss and provides physical defense against infection by microorganisms; involved in temperature control

41
Q

Structures involved in Integumentary System

A

Skin, hair, and nails

42
Q

Muscular System

A

Provides movement, support, and heat production

43
Q

Structures involved in Muscular System

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles

44
Q

Nervous System

A

Collects, transfers, and processes information and directs short-term change in other organ systems

45
Q

Structures involved in Nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs—eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose

46
Q

Reproductive System

A

Produces gametes—sex cells—and sex hormones; ultimately produces offspring

47
Q

Structures involved in Reproductive System

A

Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, ovaries, mammary glands (female), testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis (male)

48
Q

Respiratory System

A

Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur

49
Q

Structures involved in Respiratory System

A

Mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm

50
Q

Skelatal System

A

Supports and protects soft tissues of the body; provides movement at joints; produces blood cells; and stores minerals

51
Q

Structures involved in Skeletal System

A

Bones, cartilage, joints, tendons, and ligaments

52
Q

Urinary System

A

Removes excess water, salts, and waste products from the blood and body and controls pH

53
Q

Structures involved in Urinary System

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

54
Q

Immune System

A

Defends against microbial pathogens—disease-causing agents—and other diseases

55
Q

Structures involved in Immune System

A

Leukocytes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus, and spleen

56
Q

Glia

A

mainly act to support neuronal function.

HS Biology (3 decks)

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