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Body Structures And Organ Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Sagittal plane (planes of the body)

A

Divides the body into left and right sides

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2
Q

Transverse plane (planes of the body)

A

Divides the body into upper and lower sections

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3
Q

Frontal plane (planes of the body)

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections, also called Coronal plane

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4
Q

Axial skeleton (skeletal system)

A

Adult axial skeleton has 80 bones including the skull, vertebrae, and ribs

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5
Q

Appendicular skeleton (skeletal system)

A

Adult appendicular skeleton has 126 bones including arms, legs, and pelvic girdle

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6
Q

Ligament (skeletal system)

A

Attaches bone to bone for joint stability

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7
Q

Long bones (skeletal system)

A

Long bones have an epiphysis (end), diaphysis (central), and medullary cavity (bone marrow); ends are covered by articular cartilage to allow movement w/o friction.
Ex: femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius

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8
Q

Short bones (skeletal system)

A

Found in wrists and ankles, typically small and round. Ex: carpals, tarsals

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9
Q

Flat bones (skeletal system)

A

Majority of surface area is flat or slightly curved. Ex: skull, ribs

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10
Q

Irregular bones (skeletal system)

A

Unusual shape that is typically related to their function. Ex: vertebrae, pelvis

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11
Q

Sesamoid bones (skeletal system)

A

Small round bones found in joints that are held in place by tendons. Ex: patella

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12
Q

Skeletal muscle (muscular system)

A

Responsible for body movement Also called voluntary muscle or striated muscle

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13
Q

Smooth muscle (muscular system)

A

Found within the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, and in the iris of the eye. Also called involuntary muscle.

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14
Q

Cardiac muscle (muscular system)

A

Found only in the heart, cross-fibered to allow the heart to contract from the top and bottom in order to pump blood.

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15
Q

Tendon (muscular system)

A

End of skeletal muscles that attaches the muscle to a bone.

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16
Q

Lymph nodes (immune and lympatic system)

A

Produces and stores lymphocytes; home to macrophages that filter lymph.
Small glandular structures concentrated in the neck, axillary, and groin.

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17
Q

Lymph nodules (immune and lympatic system)

A

Masses of lymphoma tissue comprised of macrophages and lymphocytes.
Lymph nodules are not encapsulated like lymph nodes.

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18
Q

Thymus (immune and lympatic system)

A

Is responsible for the production and maturation of T-cells.
The thymus is large in children and atrophies (shrinks) after adolescence.
Located posterior to the sternum.

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19
Q

Spleen (immune and lympatic system)

A

Home to macrophages that filter blood.
Largest lymphoid organ
Left upper quadrant

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20
Q

Interstitial fluid (immune and lympatic system)

A

Tissue fluid found between cells. Once collected and filtered, it’s called lymph.

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21
Q

Antigen (immune and lympatic system)

A

Foreign substance within the body

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22
Q

Antibody (immune and lympatic system)

A

Protein the body creates in response to specific antigens.

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23
Q

Immunoglobins (immune and lympatic system)

A

Antibodies

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24
Q

B-cells (immune and lympatic system)

A

Type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and responds by turning into plasma cells which then create antibodies against specific antigens

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25
T-cells (immune and lympatic system)
Type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and attaches to them to attack the invading cells directly.
26
Monocytes (immune and lympatic system)
Engulf and destroy pathogens that have been coagulated with antibodies.
27
Naturally acquired active immunity (types of immunity)
A person has an infectious disease and then develops antibodies against the pathogen. Antibodies have memory that prevents future infections by the same pathogen.
28
Artificially acquired active immunity (immune and lympatic system)
Is the result of administering a vaccine. | Antibodies are activated by the vaccine and develop memory to recognize the pathogen in the future
29
Naturally acquired passive immunity (immune and lympatic system)
Short-lasting immunity passed from from mother to child through the placenta and breast milk.
30
Artificially acquired passive immunity (immune and lympatic system)
Protection acquired by giving a person an injection or transfusion of antibodies made by someone else. Short-lasting immunity
31
Heart (cardiovascular system)
Functions as a pump to move blood throughout the body. Located within the central part of the chest.
32
Artery/Arteriole (cardiovascular system)
Propels blood with each contraction of the heart and are associated with various pulse points. Thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Smaller branches are arterioles.
33
Vein/Venule (cardiovascular system)
Carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart and contains valves to prevent backflow. They are thinner-walled than arteries. Smaller branches are called venules.
34
Capillary (cardiovascular system)
They aid in the exchange of oxygen and nutrients between blood and body cells. Smallest blood vessels, which connect arterioles to venules.
35
Endocardium (cardiovascular system)
Innermost layer of cells that lines the atria, ventricles, and heart valves.
36
Myocardium (cardiovascular system)
Muscular layer of the heart
37
Pericardium (cardiovascular system)
Outermost layer of the heart. A membrane that surround the heart and secretes pericardial fluid.
38
Kidneys (urinary system)
Kidneys are responsible for removing waste from the blood and producing urine. Located on each side of the vertebral column at the level of the top lumbar vertebrae.
39
Ureters (urinary system)
Long tubes responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
40
Urinary bladder (urinary system)
Small muscular sac located within the pelvic cavity that is responsible for storing urine.
41
Urethra (urinary system)
Tube responsible for carrying urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
42
Mouth (gastrointestinal system)
Responsible for initiating digestion, both mechanical (chewing) and chemical (saliva)
43
Pharynx (gastrointestinal system)
Throat or the passageway for food between the oral cavity and the esophagus.
44
Esophagus (gastrointestinal system)
Muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach. Uses wave-like contractions called peristalsis to propel food into the stomach.
45
Stomach (gastrointestinal system)
Receives food from esophagus and continues breakdown using gastric juices. Propels food to small intestine. Located left upper quadrant
46
Small intestine (gastrointestinal system)
``` Takes up most of the space within the abdominal cavity, primarily responsible for absorption of nutrients. Divided into sections: -Duodenum, -Jejunum -Ileum ```
47
Large intestine (gastrointestinal system)
``` Also called colon, absorption is completed here, feces is formed from solid waste products Divided into sections: -Cecum: connects to ileum -Ascending colon -Transverse colon -Descending colon -Sigmoid colon ```
48
Rectum (gastrointestinal system)
End of the colon that stores feces until defacation.
49
Anus (gastrointestinal system)
End of rectum, opens to the outside if the body to allow for elimination of feces.
50
Liver (gastrointestinal system)
Produces bile needed to breakdown fats. | Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdominal.
51
Gall bladder (gastrointestinal system)
Stores bile and connects to duodenum. Located right upper quadrant Inferior to the liver
52
Pancreas (gastrointestinal system)
Produces enzymes that aid with digestion. Located left upper quadrant Posterior to the stomach, and connects to duodenum.
53
Nose (respiratory system)
Made of bones, cartilage, and skin. | Contains small hairs called cilia to prevent large particle from entering.
54
Pharynx (respiratory system)
Air enters through the nose and mouth into the pharynx.
55
Larynx (respiratory system)
Produces a person's voice. Superior to the trachea.
56
Trachea (respiratory system)
Called the windpipe, extends from larynx and branches into bronchi. Lined with cilia.
57
Lungs (respiratory system)
Two cone shaped organs located in the chest, contains bronchi, alveoli, and many blood vessels. Right lung is larger and divided into 3 lobes, left lung has two lobes. Both lungs surrounded by a membrane called pleura.
58
Brain (nervous system)
Coordinates most body activities, and is the control center for the body as well as thought, emotion, and judgement. Divided into 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.
59
Spinal cord (nervous system)
Provides a pathway for nerve impulses traveling to and from the brain, and extends from the base of the brain to the lumbar vertebrae through the vertebral column.
60
Peripheral nerves (nervous system)
Carries nerve signals between the body and the brain. | Includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves branching off from the spinal cord.
61
Neuron (nervous system)
Functional unit of the nervous system
62
Dendrites (nervous system)
Multiple branching structures
63
Nucleus (nervous system)
Directs cellular activities
64
Cytoplasm (nervous system)
Produces neurotransmitters and energy for the neuron.
65
Axon (nervous system)
Stores neurotransmitters
66
Afferent nerve cells (nervous system)
Carries information about the body's environment to the CNS, also called neurons.
67
Efferent neurons (nervous system)
Carries responses from the CNS to the body to initiate action
68
Testes (reproductive system)
Produce sperm and testosterone. Located below the pelvic cavity on the outside of the body, within the scrotum.
69
Scrotum (reproductive system)
A pouch of skin that houses the testes
70
Penis (reproductive system)
External cylinder-shaped organ that moves urine and semen out of the body.
71
Epididymis (reproductive system)
Responsible for maturation of sperm cells. | Coiled tube located superior to each teste.
72
Vas deferens (reproductive system)
Connects the epididymis to the urethra
73
Seminal vesicles (reproductive system)
Sac-like organs that secrete seminal fluid. | This fluid stimulates muscle contractions in the female reproductive organs to aid in propelling sperm forward.
74
Prostate gland (reproductive system)
Secretes fluid that protects the sperm within the vagina. Surrounds the proximal urethra, contracts during ejaculation to aid in forward movement of sperm.
75
Bulbouretheral glands (reproductive system)
Secretes fluid to lubricate the end of the penis to prepare for intercourse. Inferior to the prostate gland.
76
Androgens (reproductive system)
Group of male sex hormones
77
Testosterone (reproductive system)
Most abundant and biologically active of male sex hormones
78
Ovaries (reproductive system)
Produces ova (egg), estrogen, and progesterone. Pair of oval-shaped organs located within the pelvic cavity.
79
Fallopian tubes (reproductive system)
Muscular tubes with proximal opening near each ovary, connects distally to uterus. Receives egg during ovulation.
80
Uterus (reproductive system)
Hollow muscular organ, lies low in pelvic cavity. Receives fertilized egg, which implants into uterine wall for fetal development.
81
Vagina (reproductive system)
Muscular tube extending from the uterus to the outside of the body. Expands during intercourse and childbirth.
82
Labia majora (reproductive system)
Folds of skin and adipose tissue that protects other external female genitalia.
83
Labia minora (reproductive system)
Folds of skins within the labia majora, pinkish in color due to high blood circulation, forms a hood over the clitoris.
84
Clitoris (reproductive system)
Highly sensitive female erectile tissue located anterior to the urethra.
85
Perineum (reproductive system)
Area between vagina and anus.
86
Estrogen (reproductive system)
Group of female sex hormones
87
Progesterone (reproductive system)
Female hormone secreted by ovaries
88
Estradiol (reproductive system)
Most abundant and biologically active female hormone
89
Appendix (digestive system)
Protects good bacteria in the gut | Located in the right lower quadrant

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