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biology > body systems > Flashcards

body systems Flashcards

1
Q

polysaccharides

A

long chains of monosaccharides

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2
Q

starch

A

long unbranched chains of glucose; plant storage from glucose

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3
Q

cellulose

A

long, interconnected chains of glucose
plant structural form used for cell walls, can’t digest dietary fibre

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4
Q

glycogen

A

long, many-branched chains of glucose, animal storage
stored short term in muscle + liver, lots of ends/parts to start digesting from

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5
Q

chitin

A

modified glucose, w/ nitrogen in long interconnected chains; used in fungi and arthropods

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6
Q

small intestine

A

long convoluted tube connecting to the stomach and large intestine

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7
Q

duodenum

A

receives secretions from liver (bile) and pancreas (pancreatic juice)

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8
Q

jejunum & ileum

A

chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients

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9
Q

monosaccharides

A

single ring sugars
glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

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10
Q

disaccharides

A

double ring sugars

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11
Q

sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

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12
Q

maltose

A

glucose + glucose

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13
Q

lactose

A

glucose + galactose

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14
Q

pharynx

A

throat
passage for both food and air

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15
Q

teeth

A

20 decidous
32 adult
2 incisors
1 canine
2 premolars
3 molars

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16
Q

tongue

A

tasting: sweet, salty, umami, bitter, sour
forms a bolus
swallowing, speaking, chewing

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17
Q

digestion

A

process of breaking down large food sources into small molecules that can be absorbed by body
physical (chewing)
chemical (carbs –> sugars)

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18
Q

esophagus

A

muscular tube connecting to stomach
food moves via peristasis

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19
Q

hard and soft palate

A

roof of mouth
front: hard
back: soft

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20
Q

salivary glands

A

produce saliva made of: water, mucus, salivary amylase
parotid, submaxillary/submandibular, sublingual

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21
Q

salivary amylase

A

starch gets broken down into maltose

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22
Q

parotid gland

A

near ear

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23
Q

submaxillary/submandibular

A

under jaw

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24
Q

sublingual

A

under tongue

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25
Q

stomach

A

muscular bag containing cardiac sphincter and pyloric sphincter

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26
Q

chyme

A

increases surface area of food
acidic fluid passes from stomach to small intestine

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27
Q

diffusion

A

movement of individual molecules of a substance through a semipermeable barrier from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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28
Q

breathing

A

moving air into and from the lungs

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29
Q

air pressure

A

force exerted on a surface by the air above it as gravity pulls it

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30
Q

systolic and diastolic pressure

A

pressure in arteries when heart beats and pressure in arteries when heart rests between beats

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31
Q

plaque

A

buildup of cholesterol and fat

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32
Q

anteriosclerosis

A

buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery

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33
Q

uvula and tonsils

A
  • on either side of throat at back of mouth
  • small finger shaped tissue that hangs down from soft palate
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34
Q

stent

A

mesh tube placed to keep blood vessel open

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35
Q

bypass

A

creates a new path for blood to flow around a blocked area

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36
Q

aneurysm

A

weakened wall in blood vessel, can occur anywhere

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37
Q

circulatory system

A
  • circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph)
  • a set of tubes (blood vessels)
  • a muscular pump (the heart)
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38
Q

atherosclerosis

A

buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on artery walls

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39
Q

angina

A

chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart

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40
Q

angioplasty

A

procedure used to open blocked coronary arteries

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41
Q

angiogram

A

takes x rays of the coronary arteries and the vessels that supply blood to the heart

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42
Q

pepsin

A

enzyme in stomach that breaks down proteins in food during digestion

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43
Q

skin respiration

A

gas exchange occurs across skin instead of gills or lungs

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44
Q

gills

A

extract dissolved oxygen from water and excrete carbon dioxide

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45
Q

spiracles

A

external respiratory opening

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46
Q

tracheae

A

airway that leads from larynx to bronchi

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47
Q

lungs

A

air filled organs located on either side of chest with several tubular branches called bronchi

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48
Q

respiratory surface

A

area or space where gas exchanges take place

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49
Q

nasal cavity

A

space inside nose

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50
Q

larynx

A

hollow tube that lets air pass from pharynx to trachea

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51
Q

epiglottis

A

small, movable “lid” above larynx that prevents food and drink from entering windpipe

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52
Q

cilia

A

hair like projections that line the bronchus
move microbes and debris up and out of airways

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53
Q

mucus escalator

A

inside of conducting airways and has mucus and cilia
moves mucus up and out of lungs –> can be expelled by coughing or swallowing

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54
Q

glottis

A

middle part of larynx
area where vocal cords are located

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55
Q

vocal cords

A

folds of tissue that project inward from sides of larynx to form a slit across glottis
edges vibrate in airstream to produce sound

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56
Q

turbinates

A

small structures inside nose
cleanse and humidify air that passes through nostrils to lungs

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57
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air sacs at end of bronchioles
where lungs and blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide when breathing

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58
Q

bronchi

A

large tubes that connect the trachea and direct air you breathe to right and left lungs

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59
Q

bronchioles

A

tiny branch of air tubes in lungs

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60
Q

diaphragm

A

major muscle of respiration

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61
Q

pleural membrane

A

folds back on itself to form a two layered membranous pleural sac
covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity

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62
Q

interpleural space

A

potential space between pleurae of pleural sac that surrounds each lung

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63
Q

interpleural fluid

A

liquid located between pleura

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64
Q

intercostals

A

muscles that run between the ribs and help form and move chest wall

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65
Q

tidal volume

A

the volume of air that is exhaled in a normal breath
7ml/kg

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66
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume inhaled after normal inhalation

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67
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be exhaled after normal exhale

68
Q

vital capacity

A

the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

69
Q

residual volume

A

volume of air that cannot be expelled
can only be measured in cadavers

70
Q

total lung capacity

A

max volume of air contained in lungs (alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi) and trachea

71
Q

counter current flow

A

build up concentrations, heat or other properties of flowing liquids

72
Q

air sacs

A

spaces within organisms where there is constant pressure of air

73
Q

medulla oblongata

A

bottom most part of brain
where brain and spinal chord connect
controls vital processes like heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure

74
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

moves deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs so the blood can be resaturated

75
Q

systemic circuit

A

provides functional blood supply to all body tissue

76
Q

cardiac circuit

A

provides heart muscle with oxygenated blood

77
Q

left ventricle

A

heart’s main pumping chamber
pumps blood full of oxygen out to the body

78
Q

right ventricle

A

pumps oxygen-low blood to the lungs
pulmonary circuit

79
Q

right atrium

A

takes in oxygen low blood from body and empties it into right ventricle

80
Q

left atrium

A

receives blood full of oxygen from lungs and empties it into left ventricle

81
Q

aorta

A

main artery that carries blood away from your heart to the rest of your body

82
Q

vena cava

A

large vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body

83
Q

artery

A

blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood from heart to all body cells

84
Q

vein

A

any tube part of blood circulation system that carries oxygen-less blood towards heart

85
Q

capillary

A

delicate blood vessels that exist throughout body
transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems
smallest blood vessels in vascular system

86
Q

pulmonary artery

A

transports deoxygenated blood from right side of heart to lungs for oxygenation

87
Q

pulmonary vein

A

blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from lungs to heart

88
Q

septum

A

divides right and left for heart and nose

89
Q

semilunar valve

A

between aorta and left ventricle
pulmonary artery and right ventricle

90
Q

bicuspid

A

left

91
Q

tricuspid

A

right

92
Q

erythrocyte

A

red blood cell without a nucleus
pigment hemoglobin

93
Q

leukocyte

A

blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue

94
Q

thrombocyte

A

platelet
small colourless disk-shaped cell fragment without a nucleus, found in large numbers in blood and involved in clotting

95
Q

plasma

A

light amber coloured liquid
blood cells aren’t present
found in blood

96
Q

bone marrow

A

soft, spongy tissue that has many blood vessels and is found in the center of most bones

97
Q

hemoglobin

A

a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood

98
Q

antibody

A

proteins generated by our immune system in response to infectious agents

99
Q

antigen

A

can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor
presence in the body may trigger an immune response

100
Q

clotting

A

important process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured

101
Q

blood groups

A

A, B, AB and O
determined by genetics

102
Q

s-a node

A

generates an electrical signal that causes atria to contract

103
Q

a-v node

A

passed down from sa node to ventricles to contract/pump

104
Q

ecg

A

simple test that can be used to check your heart’s rhythm and electrical activity

105
Q

heart rate

A

beats per minute

106
Q

lymph

A

clear-to-white fluid made of white blood cells
attack bacteria in blood and body tissues

107
Q

lymph nodes

A

filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight infection and disease

108
Q

heterotrophs

A

eat other plants or animals

109
Q

autotrophs

A

produce own food using light, water, etc

110
Q

intracellular digestion

A

digestion which takes place within the cytoplasm of the organism

111
Q

extracellular digestion

A

animals feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food

112
Q

enzyme

A

proteins that accelerate chemical reactions

113
Q

substrate

A

on which an enzyme can act

114
Q

enamel

A

hardest substance in the human body and serves as the wear-resistant outer layer of the dental crown

115
Q

dentine

A

main supporting structure of the tooth and is the second hardest tissue in the body after enamel

116
Q

pulp

A

center part of a tooth comprised of connective tissue, blood vessels, and cells

117
Q

root

A

the part of the tooth that is below the gums

118
Q

saliva

A

extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands

119
Q

oral cavity

A

mouth

120
Q

cardiac sphincter

A

circular band of muscle that is located between the esophagus and stomach

121
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

gateway between the stomach and the small intestine

122
Q

rugae

A

folds in the stomach lining

123
Q

peristalsis

A

series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

124
Q

liver

A

upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity,
processes blood from the stomach and intestines and breaks down, balances, and creates the nutrients and also metabolizes drugs

125
Q

gall bladder

A

storage pouch for bile, a liquid that aids digestion

126
Q

bile

A

emulsifies fats, breaking large drops into smaller droplets (physical digestion)

127
Q

emulsification

A

process of dispersing two or more immiscible liquids together to form a semistable mixture

128
Q

pancreas

A

located inside your abdomen, just behind your stomach

129
Q

bicarbonate

A

single carbon molecule
helps in cellular pH regulation

130
Q

ileocecal sphincter

A

in between ileum and colon

131
Q

caecum

A

pouch between small and large intestines

132
Q

large intestine

A

function is to absorb water from chyme, producing semisolid feces

133
Q

ascending colon

A

right side of abdominal cavity

134
Q

transverse colon

A

passes horizontally across abdomen and underneath other organs in abdominal cavity

135
Q

descending colon

A

left part that passes downwards, stores remains of digested food

136
Q

sigmoid colon

A

s shaped section connecting to rectum

137
Q

rectum

A

last several inches of large intestine closest to anus

138
Q

anus

A

end of digestive system

139
Q

appendix

A

finger-shaped pouch that projects out from the colon

140
Q

villus

A

any of the small, slender, vascular projections that increase the surface area of a membrane

141
Q

lacteal

A

inside intestinal villi

142
Q

microvilli

A

finger-like membrane protrusions, supported by the actin cytoskeleton

143
Q

pepsin

A

enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins in food during digestion

144
Q

pancreatic amylase

A

starch –> maltose

145
Q

trypsin

A

enzyme in the first section of the small intestine that starts the digestion of protein molecules by cutting long chains of amino acid

146
Q

maltase

A

enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of disaccharide maltose into two simple sugars of glucose

147
Q

sucrase

A

enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cane sugar, or sucrose, to the simple sugars glucose and fructose

148
Q

lactase

A

enzyme that breaks down lactose –> sugar in milk and milk products

149
Q

lipase

A

enzyme the body uses to break down fats in food

150
Q

insulin

A

helps blood sugar enter the body’s cells so it can be used for energy

151
Q

glucagon

A

hormone that your pancreas makes to help regulate your blood glucose (sugar) levels

152
Q

lipids

A

help control what goes in and out of your cells

153
Q

carbohyrdates

A

sugars, fibers, and starches

154
Q

proteins

A

found in muscle, bone, skin, hair, and virtually every other body part or tissue

155
Q

essential amino acids

A

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine

156
Q

vitamin a

A

vision, growth, cell division, reproduction and immunity

157
Q

vitamin c

A

controlling infections and healing wounds

158
Q

vitamin d

A

help the body absorb and retain calcium and phosphorus - helps build bones

159
Q

vitamin e

A

vision, reproduction, and the health of your blood, brain and skin

160
Q

vitamin k

A

helping the blood clot, preventing excessive bleeding

161
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

162
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B and C vitamins

163
Q

cck

A

hormone
chole (bile) cysto (bag) kinin (move)

164
Q

pancreatic juice

A

bicarbonate ions to neutralize acid and enzymes: pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsinogen

165
Q

trypsinogen

A

gets converted to trypsin in the duodenum, which digests proteins –> smaller polypeptides

166
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of constant conditions
negative feedback loop - each hormone turns off its own production

biology (4 decks)

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