body systems Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
What are the levels of organization in multicellular animals?
A
Cells, tissue, organs, and organ systems
2
Q
Four major tissue types
A
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous
3
Q
Epithelial Tissue
A
Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities
4
Q
Connective Tissue
A
Binds and supports body parts
5
Q
Muscular Tissue
A
Causes body parts to move
6
Q
Nervous Tissue
A
Responds to stimuli and transmits impulses
7
Q
Secretory Epithelia
A
Can be unicellular or form multicellular glands
8
Q
Exocrine Glands
A
Secrete their products into ducts/tubes
9
Q
Endocrine Glands
A
Secrete their products into the bloodstream
10
Q
Adipose (Fat) Tissue
A
Provides protective padding and stores fat, helps minimize heat gain/loss
11
Q
Structure and Function of Cartilage and Bone
A
Rigid connective tissues - Reservoir for Calcium
12
Q
Cartilage cells are…
A
Chondrocytes
13
Q
Red blood cells are also known as…
A
Erythrocytes
14
Q
Red blood cells… (function)
A
Carry oxygen
15
Q
White blood cells are also known as…
A
Leukocytes
16
Q
White blood cells… (function)
A
Assist in fighting infections
17
Q
The plasma, a mixture of molecules, is also known as…
A
The liquid portion of blood (contains water, nutrients, wastes, salts)
18
Q
Muscle fibers contain…
A
Actin and Myosin filaments
19
Q
Three types of vertebrate muscle tissue are…
A
Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle
20
Q
Skeletal Muscles are…
A
Moves body parts: Under voluntary Control and striated
21
Q
Smooth (Visceral) Muscles are…
A
NOT striated and is Involuntary
22
Q
Cardiac Muscles are…
A
Only found in the heart wall: NOT striated and Involuntary
Features of both smooth and skeletal
23
Q
Nervous tissue contains…
A
Neurons in the brain, Spinal cord, and nerves
24
Q
Dendrites are…
A
Located in neurons: They receive a stimulus and conduct signals TO cell body
25
The Axon is...
"The main line of the Neuron": They conduct nerve impulses AWAY FROM cell body
26
Negative Feedback Mechanism is...
A response in which the output is counter to and cancels the input, DECREASING the process
27
Positive Feedback Mechanism is...
A response in which the output intensifies, increasing the input which INCREASES the process
28
The Integumentary System is...
Composed of skin and accessory organs (nails, hair, glands, and sensory receptors)
29
The Human Skin...
Protects the underlying tissues, regulate body temperature, collects information about the external environment
30
Outer epidermal layer is called...
Epidermis
31
Deeper layer is called...
Dermis
32
Keratin is....
A hard, waterproof protein
33
Eventually, the keratinized cells...
Die and are sloughed (to shed/remove) off
34
Melanocytes...
Produce a melanin pigment that absorbs UV light
35
Sweat Glands are also known as...
Sudoriferous Glands
36
Below the dermis is...
the Subcutaneous Layer
37
The Atria...
Are chambers of the heart that RECIEVE blood
38
Ventricles...
Pump blood into the arteries
39
Three kinds of blood vessels are...
Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins
40
Arteries...
Have thick walls, carry the blood AWAY from the heart, divide into small arterioles
41
Capillaries...
Are the location of tissue fluid exchange (gas, nutrients, and wastes)
42
Veins...
Transport blood TOWARDS the heart
43
Venules...
Vessels that take blood from capillaries and join to form a vein
44
What closes to prevent backflow and open in the direction of the heart?
One-way valves
45
What buffers the blood? (Hint: 2)
Salts and proteins
46
What pH do they (salts and proteins) keep blood at?
Near 7.4
47
Platelets (Clotting) are also known as...
Thrombocytes
48
Red blood cells contain/have...
Hemoglobin (lack a nucleus)
49
Anemia is....
A lack of enough red blood cells or not enough hemoglobin
50
Red Blood cells are manufactured in...
The Red bone marrow of the skull
51
Red Blood cells are destroyed in...
The Liver and the Spleen
52
When Red Blood cells are destroyed...
Hemoglobin is released, iron is recovered and returned to bone marrow (reuse)
53
Bile pigments are....
Heme portions that underwent chemical degradation and then excreted by the liver
Also colors the feces.
54
White blood cells...
Are larger and contain a nucleus
55
White blood cells...
Are larger and contain a nucleus, but have NO hemoglobin
56
Pus is...
A thick, yellowish fluid that contains a large proportion of dead White Blood cells that have fought infection
57
An Antigen is...
Any substance that stimulates production of antibodies
Also, antigens are foreign to the body
58
When is a person actively immune?
When many B cells are being produced
59
Blood Clotting is also known as...
Coagulation
60
Hemophilia is...
A disease where the liver is unable to produce one of the clotting factors
61
What are the four blood types?
A, B, AB, and O
62
Agglutinate means...
To clot
63
Agglutination is..
The Clumping of red blood cells due to a reaction between antigens on the red blood cells (clotting)
64
Antigens are also...
Protein markers on the surface of blood cells
65
Antibodies are...
Proteins made to defend against corresponding foreign antigens
66
Type A blood produces...
A antigens and B antibodies
67
Type B blood produces...
B antigens and A antibodies
68
Type O blood produces...
NO antigens and both A and B anitbodies
69
Type AB blood produces
both A and B antigens and NO antibodies
70
People with type AB blood are...
Can receive any type of blood: Universal Recipient
71
People with type O blood are...
Cannot receive A, B, or AB: Universal Donor
72
Four nonspecific defenses includes...
Barriers to entry, inflammatory reaction, natural killer cells, and protective proteins
73
Barriers to entry include... (Restriction of bacteria growth)
Mucus, Oil gland secretions, Ciliated cells
74
The Stomach's pH is...
1.2-3.0
75
Lysozymes are...
Bacteria destroying enzymes, found in saliva and tears
76
White blood cells (Lymphocytes) recognize antigens because...
They have antigen receptors
77
Active immunity is...
Where an individual makes their own antibodies (gets the disease)
78
Passive immunity is...
Where an individual receives prepared antibodies (vaccine)
79
Active immunity is usually developed when...
A person is naturally infected or when they are feeling perfectly fine so that in the future, they won't be infected
80
Immunizations uses...
Vaccines to provide the antigen to which the immune system responds
81
To prepare for vaccines...
Pathogens are treated so they are no longer virulent
82
Passive immunity is usually developed when...
A person is given prepared antibodies prior to getting the disease (short-lived because the antibodies are not made by the bodies own B cells)
83
The Digestive Tract in order is...
Ingestion of food, Breaking down of food, Absorbing of Nutrients, and Egestion (elimination of non-digestible remains)
84
Human digestive tract is a complete...
Tube-within-a-tube System
85
The Order of the Digestive Tract (body parts) is...
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus
86
Salivary amylase is...
The enzyme that begins starch digestion, ending in a product of maltose
87
Food is chewed and mixed with saliva to form a...
Bolus
88
HCl (hydrochloric acid) lowers pH of the gastric contents to..
About 2
89
(Low pH leads to stopping the activity of Salivary amylase, increasing the production of Pepsin)
Pepsin is...
A hydrolytic enzyme that acts on proteins to produce peptides
90
Chyme is...
Stomach contents, a thick, soupy mixture
91
Villi (Rudges, Furrows) is...
What small intestine project. They are covered by microvilli
*Increases the surface area of the small intestine)
92
The Liver...
Detoxifies blood by removing and metabolizing poisonous substances
93
Bile is...
A secretion of the liver temporarily stored in the gallbladder before being sent to duodenum, mechanically breaking down fat
94
Pancreas serves as both the...
Endocrine and Exocrine Gland
95
Endocrine gland... (function)
Secretes glucagon and insulin hormone into the bloodstream
96
Exocrine gland... (function)
Secretes pancreatic juice
97
Feces consists of...
75% liquid and 25% solid
98
The Respiratory system includes...
The Nose, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs -> filters debris
99
The Larynx is protected by...
Epiglottis, a flap of tissue
100
Air flows from...
The Pharynx through the Glottis and into the Larynx, then flowing down the Trachea to the Bronchi.
101
During Inhalation...
The Diaphragm lowers (contraction)
102
During exhalation...
The Diaphragm raises (relaxation)
103
Gas exchange of... is by diffusion.
Air in the Alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries
104
These bean-shaped organs help with...
Urine formation
105
The Kidneys are connected to...
A ureter, conducting urine from a Kidney to the Urinary Bladder
106
Urine flows from the urinary bladder to the...
Urethra
107
A single urethra...
Conducts urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body (through the penis or vaginal opening)
108
What is the Renal Cortex?
The thin, outer layer of the Kidney
109
Released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is...
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
110
When ADH is released...
more water is Reabsorbed and there is LESS urine
111
When ADH is NOT released...
more water is Excreted and there is MORE urine
112
The Central Nervous System includes...
The Spinal cord and Brain
113
Both the brain and spinal cord are...
Protected by bones and wrapped in connective tissue called Meninges
114
The Spinal Cord... (functions. HINT: 2)
Center for reflex actions + Provides communication between the Brain and the Spinal Nerves.
115
The Peripheral Nervous System is located...
Outside the Central Nervous System
116
The Somatic System (function)...
Contains nerves to carry SENSORY information TO the CNS and MOTOR commands AWAY from the CNS
117
Voluntary control of the muscles involve...
the Brain
118
Reflexes involve...
the Brain or Spinal cord
119
Reflexes are...
Automatic, INVOLUNTARY responses
120
A Reflex Arc involves... (pathway)
Sensory receptors generate an impulse -> spinal cord where signals are passed to interneurons -> travel along motor neurons to an effector
121
The Autonomic System is...
A part of the Peripheral Nervous system
122
The Sympathetic system is important during emergency situations. It is also known as...
"Fight or Flight Response"
123
The Parasympathetic system is...
A site for internal response, resulting in a relaxed state
124
Endocrine Glands are...
Ductless glands secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream
125
Antagonistic Hormone Action...
Controls the effect of hormones
126
Negative Feedback control...
Controls hormone action
127
Antagonistic Actions of hormones...
Control Hormonal regulation
128
Pancreas is composed of...
Exocrine and Endocrine tissue
129
Insulin...
Increases blood sugar
130
Glucagon...
Decreases blood sugar
