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anatomy- the body > body systems > Flashcards

body systems Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

into what can the skeletal system be divided

A

axial and appendicular.

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2
Q

What is the axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral collumn ribs and sternum

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3
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton

A

upper and lower limbs

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4
Q

What is cartilage (+what matrix)

A

avascular
connective tissue consisitng of extracellular fibers embedded in a matrix that contains cells localized in small cavities..

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5
Q

what are the two kind of extracellualr fibers found in the matrix of cartilage?

A

collagen

and elastic

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6
Q

what are the three functions of cartilage?

A

support soft tissue
provide a smooth surface for bone articulations at joins.
enable the development and growth of long bones

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7
Q

what are three types of cartilage and what fibers??

A

hylaline- most common, moderate amouint of collagen.
elastic- matrix contains collagen and large number of elastic fibers.
fibrocartilage- matrix contains limited amount of cells and ground substance, but a lot of collagen.

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8
Q

out of what type of cartilage is intervertebral disc made of?

A

fibrocartilage

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9
Q

what is the smoothest type of cartilage

A

hyaline.

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10
Q

does cartilage have nerves blood vessels and lympahtics?

A

no

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11
Q

how it cartilage nourished?

A

diffusion

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12
Q

what is bone?

A

a calcified, living connective tissue

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13
Q

what matrix does a bone have

A

intercellualr calcified matrix, containing collagen fibers and certain types of cells withhin the matrix

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14
Q

what kind of cartilage does meniscus consist of

A

fibrocartilage (toughest)

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15
Q

function of bones?

A 
Supportive structures
protectors of vital organs
reservoirs for calcium and fosfor.
levers on which muscles act
containers for blood producing cells
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16
Q

What are two types of bones?

A

spongy and compact

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17
Q

what is other name for spongy and compact bones?

A

trabecular or cancellous/(poreus)

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18
Q

what is does the compact bone do?

A

dense bone that surround the outer shell of all bones and surrounds spongy bone

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19
Q

what is spongy bone

A

spicules of bone enclosing cavities containing marrow (blood forming cells)

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20
Q

shape and 2 example of long bones

A

tubular
humerus
femur

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21
Q

what is the humerus and what is the femur

A

humerus bot bovenarm

femur bot bovenbeen

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22
Q

shape and example of short bones

A

cuboidal

bones of the wrist and ankle

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23
Q

shape and example of flat bones

A

two compact bone plates separated by spongy bone.

skull

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24
Q

shape and example of irregular bones

A

various shapes

bones of the face

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25
shape and example of sesamoid bones
round or oval | develop in tendons
26
is bone vascular and innervated? and how is it supplied with blood?
yes, usually one nutrient artery per bone that enters the internal cavity, that supplies marrow spongy bone, and inner layer or compact bone
27
What is the periosteum (and unique capability)
a fibrous connective tissue that covers bones externally, except in the area of a joint where articular cartilage is. it can form new bone.
28
what do the branches of blood vessels that get to the periosteum supply?
outer layer of compact bone
29
what type of nerves go into the internal cavity (with the nutrient artery)
vasomotor, that regulate blood flow
30
is the periosteum more sensitive to injury than bone?
yes has more sensory nerves
31
what are the two types of ossification?
intramembranous and endochondral ossification
32
what is intramembranous ossification?
mesenchymal models of bones undergo ossification
33
what is endochrondal ossification?
cartilaginous models of bone form from mesenchyme and undergo ossification.
34
what are joints
the sites where twp bones meet
35
what are the two categories of joints?
synovial and solid joints
36
what is a synovial joint
two skeletal elements are separated by a cavity
37
what is a solid joint
Two skeletal elemants are held together by connective tissue (no cavity)
38
Do the skeletal elements contacts each other at synovial joints, and why?
no, because a layer of hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces.
39
What is a characteristic feature of the synovial joint the presence of a joint...
joint capsule
40
out of what does the joint capsule consist inner and outer?
inner synovial membrane | outer fibrous membrane
41
what does the synovial membrane make, and effect
synovial fluid, lubricates articulating surfaces
42
what are bursea
closed sacs of synovial membrane outside joints, and reduce friction of one structure moving of another.
43
what are tendon sheats
closed sacs of synovial membrane around tendons , also reduce friction
44
what is fibrous membrane
dense connective tissue surrounding and stabilizing the joint
45
what can fibrous membrane also form
ligaments
46
What are features (NOT UNIVERSAL) for synovial joints
articular disc, fat pad and tendons.
47
what do articular discs do
absorb forces, adjust to changes in the countors of joints during movements, and increase range of movements
48
where do fat pads occur
between synovial mebrane and capsule
49
How are synovial joints described
based on movement and shape
50
what is uniaxial and multiaxial (joints)
movement is one and three planes
51
What is a plane joint and example
allow sliding or gliding movements, acromioclavicular joint
52
what is a hinge joint and example
allow movement around one axis that passes transversely through the joint, permit flexion and extension, humero-ulnar joint (elbow)
53
bicondylar joint, movement , shape, example
allow movement in one axis, limited rotation in second axis, formed by two convex condyles that articulate with concave or flat surface, knee joint
54
condylar (ellipsoid) joint
allow movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other, permit flexion extension, adb/adduction, and circumduction (limited), wrist joint.
55
saddle joint
allow movement around two axes that are right angles to each other, permit flexion extension ab/adduction, and circumduction (limited) carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
56
pivot joint
allow movement around one axis that passes longitudinally along the shaft of the bone, permit rotation . atlanto-axial joint (c1 -c2)
57
ball and socket joint
allow movement around multiple axes, permit flexion extension ab/adduction, circumduction, and roation, hip joint
58
what two kind of solid joints are there
fibrous and cartilaginous
59
what kind of fibrous joints are there
sutures gomphoses syndesmoses
60
what are sutures and where do they occur
only in skull | adjacent bones are linked by a thin layer of connective tissue called sutural ligament.
61
what are gomphoses and where do they occur
only between teeth and adjacent bone. | short collagen fiber in the periodontal ligament run between the root of the tooth and the bony socket.
62
what is the syndesmoses adn 2 examples
two adjacent bones are linked by a ligament. ligamentum flavum interosseous membrane which links the ulan and radius.
63
what are the two types of cartilaginous joints
synchondroses and symphyses
64
what are synchondroses and where do they occur
at places where two ossification centers remain separated by a layer of cartilage. these joints allow bone growth and become completly ossified,
65
what are sympheses adn 2 examples?
occur where two sepate bones are interconnected by cartilage. for example pubic symphysis and the intervertebral disc.
66
what is the largest organ of the body
the skin
67
out of what does skin consist, inner and outer
epidermis (outer) and dermis (inner)
68
is the skin vascular
only the dermis is
69
what is the epidermis
avascular epithelium
70
what is the dermis
dense bed of vasucal connective tissue
71
what is fascia and what does it contain?
connective tissue containing fat
72
what is another name for superficial fascia
subcutaneous fascia
73
to what is the superficial fascia attached ?
dermis
74
functions of superficial fascia
movements of the skin over deeper areas, conduit for vessels and nerves, energy reservoir
75
what is the difference between superfiscial and deep fascia (regarding the tissue)
superficial loose | deep dense and organised
76
what are intermuscualr septa and what are they formded by
deep fascia, that compartmentalize groups of muscles with simular functions and nervation
77
what is investing fascia
deep fascia, that surround individual muscles and groups of vessels and nerves.
78
what is retinacula
thickened deep fascia near joints, that hold tendons in place and prevent them from bowing during movements
79
what is the parietal peritoneum
membrane lining the abdominal wall
80
what is the transversalis fascia
fascia covering the deep surfaces of the muscles of the abdominal wall.
81
what is the extrapertioneal fascia
deep fascia separating the parietal peritoneum from the transversalis fascia
82
what is the endothoracic fascia
fascia simialr to the extraperitoneal fascia
83
what is somatic
relating to the body (wall)
84
by what kind of nevers are skeletal muscles innervated>
somatic and branchial motor nevers
85
by what is the cardiac muscle innervated
visceral motor nerves
86
what is the tunica media)
smooth muscle wall of bloodvessels
87
by what is smooth muscke innervated
visceral motor nerves
88
are the muscles located in the eyeball smooth or skeltal
smooth

anatomy- the body (2 decks)

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