Body Systems: Digestion (Essential Nutrients) Flashcards
(35 cards)
What is dehydration synthesis?
A chemical reaction where a covalent bond is formed between 2 subunit molecules. A water molecule is removed.
What is hydrolysis?
A chemical reaction where a covalent bond between two subunits is broken. Water is added.
What are the three major groups of nutrients?
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
What do vitamins and minerals do?
Help in chemical reactions.
Nucleic acids:
Make up DNA and is composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen bases.
Carbohydrates:
-fast source of energy. -body gets carbs from diet as it doesn’t create any. -contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Always the same proportion 1:2:1. -Two categories: simple and complex sugars.
Examples of carbohydrates?
Potatoes, corn, bread, rice, fruit.
What are some common carbs?
Glucose (blood sugar), fructose (plants sugar in fruits), deoxyribose (sugar component of DNA), cellulose (plant cell wall component).
Simple carbohydrate sugar containing a single sugar unit?
Monosaccharide.
Simple carbohydrate sugar containing two sugar units?
Disaccharide.
Explain monosaccharide sugars:
single sugar unit containing the same molecular formula C6H12O6 but the structural arrangements differ. Ex) glucose, fructose, galactose.
Examples of disaccharide sugars:
Ex: sucrose (white table sugar) glucose + fructose, maltose (malt sugar) glucose + glucose, lactose (milk sugar) glucose + galactose.
Carbohydrates: complex sugars?
Polysaccharides.
What are polysaccharides and examples?
Many linked simple sugars. Ex) starch: energy stored in plants, glycogen: energy stored in animals, cellulose: component of plant cell walls.
What are some properties of lipids?
They are insoluble in water (non-polar), they store 2.25x more energy/gram than any of molecule, component of cell membranes, carriers of vitamins A, D, E, K, insulates against cold, raw materials for the synthesis of hormones.
What are lipids made of?
2 structural units combined by dehydration synthesis: 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids.
What is a triglyceride?
A lipid made by 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
What are fats?
Triglycerides that are solid at room temperature. Single bond between carbon atoms. These are called saturated fats.
What are oils?
Triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature. Double bonds between carbon atoms. These bonds are reactive and easily broken. They are called unsaturated fats.
Properties of phospholipids:
Phosphate group, glycerol backbone of the molecule. Has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. Soluble in water and is a component of cell membranes.
Proteins are the main part of:
Skin, muscles, nerves and hair, organelles, antibodies, and enzymes. Proteins can provide energy for the tissues in emergencies.
Proteins are made up of:
Amino acids. Amino acids are made up of amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), and R groups.
What are R groups?
R stands for many different structures and differentiate amino acids from one another.
What determines the type of protein amino acids make?
The order and number of amino acids. The order of amino acids is determined by genes.
