Body Systems: Digestion (Essential Nutrients)

Question 1

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 1

A chemical reaction where a covalent bond is formed between 2 subunit molecules. A water molecule is removed.

Question 2

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 2

A chemical reaction where a covalent bond between two subunits is broken. Water is added.

Question 3

What are the three major groups of nutrients?

Answer 3

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Question 4

What do vitamins and minerals do?

Answer 4

Help in chemical reactions.

Question 5

Nucleic acids:

Answer 5

Make up DNA and is composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen bases.

Question 6

Carbohydrates:

Answer 6

-fast source of energy. -body gets carbs from diet as it doesn’t create any. -contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Always the same proportion 1:2:1. -Two categories: simple and complex sugars.

Question 7

Examples of carbohydrates?

Answer 7

Potatoes, corn, bread, rice, fruit.

Question 8

What are some common carbs?

Answer 8

Glucose (blood sugar), fructose (plants sugar in fruits), deoxyribose (sugar component of DNA), cellulose (plant cell wall component).

Question 9

Simple carbohydrate sugar containing a single sugar unit?

Answer 9

Monosaccharide.

Question 10

Simple carbohydrate sugar containing two sugar units?

Answer 10

Disaccharide.

Question 11

Explain monosaccharide sugars:

Answer 11

single sugar unit containing the same molecular formula C6H12O6 but the structural arrangements differ. Ex) glucose, fructose, galactose.

Question 12

Examples of disaccharide sugars:

Answer 12

Ex: sucrose (white table sugar) glucose + fructose, maltose (malt sugar) glucose + glucose, lactose (milk sugar) glucose + galactose.

Question 13

Carbohydrates: complex sugars?

Answer 13

Polysaccharides.

Question 14

What are polysaccharides and examples?

Answer 14

Many linked simple sugars. Ex) starch: energy stored in plants, glycogen: energy stored in animals, cellulose: component of plant cell walls.

Question 15

What are some properties of lipids?

Answer 15

They are insoluble in water (non-polar), they store 2.25x more energy/gram than any of molecule, component of cell membranes, carriers of vitamins A, D, E, K, insulates against cold, raw materials for the synthesis of hormones.

Question 16

What are lipids made of?

Answer 16

2 structural units combined by dehydration synthesis: 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids.

Question 17

What is a triglyceride?

Answer 17

A lipid made by 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Question 18

What are fats?

Answer 18

Triglycerides that are solid at room temperature. Single bond between carbon atoms. These are called saturated fats.

Question 19

What are oils?

Answer 19

Triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature. Double bonds between carbon atoms. These bonds are reactive and easily broken. They are called unsaturated fats.

Question 20

Properties of phospholipids:

Answer 20

Phosphate group, glycerol backbone of the molecule. Has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. Soluble in water and is a component of cell membranes.

Question 21

Proteins are the main part of:

Answer 21

Skin, muscles, nerves and hair, organelles, antibodies, and enzymes. Proteins can provide energy for the tissues in emergencies.

Question 22

Proteins are made up of:

Answer 22

Amino acids. Amino acids are made up of amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), and R groups.

Question 23

What are R groups?

Answer 23

R stands for many different structures and differentiate amino acids from one another.

Question 24

What determines the type of protein amino acids make?

Answer 24

The order and number of amino acids. The order of amino acids is determined by genes.

Question 25

Can the body make amino acids?

Answer 25

Yes it is capable to make many of the amino acids needed to make proteins however it cannot make 8 amino acids that are essential for the body.

Question 26

Where do we get essential amino acids from?

Answer 26

Food.

Question 27

What happens if you don’t have the essential amino acids in your body?

Answer 27

Protein deficiencies and disease.

Question 28

When amino acids are joined, what happens?

Answer 28

A water molecule is removed. (Dehydration synthesis).

Question 29

What is it called when the carboxyl group of an amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid join?

Answer 29

A peptide bond. This means chains of amino acids are called polypeptides.

Question 30

What is a polypeptide?

Answer 30

Chains of amino acids.

Question 31

What is denaturation?

Answer 31

Physical or chemical factors that disrupt bonds and cause changes in the shape of the protein.

Question 32

What factors cause denaturation?

Answer 32

Being exposed to a lot of heat, radiation, or change in pH.

Question 33

What happens to the protein when denaturation occurs?

Answer 33

The shape will change and it won’t function anymore.

Question 34

If the physical or chemical factor is removed after denaturation takes place what happens?

Answer 34

The protein will go back to its original shape.

Question 35

What is coagulation?

Answer 35

A permanent change in protein shape.