Body Systems L16

Question 1

What are the functions of the respiratory System?

Answer 1

• Functions:

• Provides O2 -> body tissues
• Removes CO2
• Regulates blood pH
• Defence -> Pathogens
• Produces sound
• Olfactory senses

Question 2

What does pulmonary mean?

Answer 2

• Pulmonary -> Refers to lungs

Question 3

What are airways?

Answer 3

• Airways

 Tubes through which air flows between external environment & alveoli

Question 4

What is inspiration?

Answer 4

• Inspiration

 Movement of air from external environment into the alveoli

Question 5

What is expiration?

Answer 5

• Expiration

 Movement of air from alveoli to the external environment

Question 6

What is the respiratory cycle?

Answer 6

• Respiratory Cycle

 Process of inspiration & expiration

Question 7

Name the two divisions of the respiratory tract

Answer 7

Upper & Lower Respiratory Tracts

Question 8

List the structural components of the upper respiratory tract

Answer 8

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Paranasal tissues

Question 9

What is the function of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 9

	Functions:
	Warms & moistens air
	Filters air 
	Involved -> Olfaction 
	Resonates sound

Question 10

What are the functions of the nose?

Answer 10

	Functions:
 Warms & moistens air
 Filters air
 Contains receptors
    >> Smell
 Modifies speech sound

Question 11

List the names of the functional adaptations of the nose

Answer 11

Vibrissae
Conchae
Mucosa
Cilia
Paranasal Tissues

Question 12

Describe the Vibrissae of the nose

Answer 12

Vibrissae
&raquo_space; Hairs -> entrance
&raquo_space; Trap large dust particles

Question 13

Describe the Conchae of the nose

Answer 13

 Conchae
&raquo_space; Shelf-like projections -> lateral wall
&raquo_space; Produce turbulence -> enables more time to warm & moisten air

Question 14

Describe the Conchae of the nose

Answer 14

 Mucosa
&raquo_space; Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium -> have globular cells
&raquo_space; Goblet cells produce mucous -> Trap particles
&raquo_space; Cilia
-» Waft mucous trapped particles -> pharynx for swallowing.
-» Rich capillary network underlying mucosa
Circulation of blood warms air
-» Olfactory mucosa
Located -> upper transect of nose
Contains receptors -> smell

Question 15

Describe the Paranasal tissues of the nose

Answer 15

Paranasal tissues
&raquo_space; Air filled spaces -> drain into naval cavity
&raquo_space; Lighten skull
&raquo_space; Resonate sound

Question 16

Describe the function of the cilia of the mucosa of the nose

Answer 16

> > Cilia
-» Waft mucous trapped particles -> pharynx for swallowing.
-» Rich capillary network underlying mucosa
Circulation of blood warms air
-» Olfactory mucosa
Located -> upper transect of nose
Contains receptors -> smell

Question 17

What is the olfactory mucosa of the nose?

Answer 17

-» Olfactory mucosa
Located -> upper transect of nose
Contains receptors -> smell

Question 18

What are the functions of the pharynx?

Answer 18

 Functions:

 Forms communal passageway -> respiratory & gastrointestinal systems.

Question 19

Name the three regions of the pharynx

Answer 19

Nasopharynx
Orophrynx
Larngopahrynx

Question 20

Describe the location of the Nasopharynx

Answer 20

> > Nasopharynx

> Posterior -> Nose

Question 21

Describe the location of the Orophrynx

Answer 21

> > Orophrynx

> Posterior -> Mouth

Question 22

Describe the location of the Larngopharynx

Answer 22

> > Larngopharynx

> Posterior -> Larynx

Question 23

What are the functions of the larynx

Answer 23

 Functions:
 Maintenance -> open airway
 Prevents consumed substances entering lower respiratory system.
 Sound production

Question 24

What physical mechanisms of the body id the larynx involved in?

Answer 24

 Involved:
 Coughing
 Defacecation

Question 25

Describe the structure of the larynx

Answer 25

```  Structure: Cartilaginous skeleton >> Epiglottis >> Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s Apple) >> Cricoid cartilage >>Arytenoid cartilage  Lined by memebranes  Moved using muscles ```

Question 26

Name the components of the lower respiratory tract

Answer 26

``` Trachea Bronchi - Primary - Secondary - Tertiary Bronchioles -Terminal - Respiratory Alveolar Ducts Alveolar Sacs Alveoli ```

Question 27

Describe the structure / components of the trachea

Answer 27

```  Trachea  Tough, flexible tube  4.5cm length  2.5cm diameter  Extends -> larynx to carina  Anterior to oesophagus  15-20 horseshoe-shaped cartilages  Keep airway open  Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells  Dust particles -> stuck in mucus layer  Cilia move mucus layer towards mouth >> Transports / removes dust particles ```

Question 28

Describe the characteristics of the bronchi

Answer 28

```  Series of tubes  Smaller in diameter  Display histological chabges >> Decr. quantity cartilage >> Incr. quantity smooth muscle >> Decr. height epithelial cells ```

Question 29

List the components of the bronchi

Answer 29

```  Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells  Cartilage plates Primary bronchus Secondary bronchus Tertiary Bronchus ```

Question 30

Describe the characteristics of the primary bronchus

Answer 30

```  Primary bronchus >> Supply each lung >> 2-3cm long >> Right -> wider & more vertical -> left >> C-shaped cartilages ```

Question 31

Describe the characteristics of the secondary bronchus

Answer 31

``` Secondary bronchus >> Lobar >> Supply lobes of lung > 3 on right > 2 on left >> Plates of cartilage ```

Question 32

Describe the characteristics of the tertiary bronchus

Answer 32

``` Tertiary bronchus >> Segmental >> Supply lung segments > 10 on right > 8 on left >> Plates of cartilage ```

Question 33

Name the components of the bronchioles

Answer 33

Terminal bronchioles | Respiratory bronchioles

Question 34

Describe the characteristics of the bronchioles

Answer 34

```  Bronchioles  No cartilage  Smooth muscle >> Can constrict & dilate  Simple columnar epithelium with some goblet cells  Each has 50-80 terminal bronchioles ```

Question 35

Describe the Terminal bronchioles

Answer 35

 Terminal >>Simple columnar epithelium with cilia >> No goblet cells / mucous glands >> Clara cells > Produce surfactant >> Each gives 2 or more respiratory bronchioles

Question 36

Describe the Respiratory Bronchioles

Answer 36

```  Respiratory >> Simple cuboidal epithelia >Clara cells ->> Produce surfactant >> No cilia >> Alveoli extend from lumen > Site -> Gas exchange ```

Question 37

Describe the characteristics of the alveoli

Answer 37

```  Alveoli  Site -> gas exchange  Surrounded by network of capillaries  150-250 mill per lung  Blood Supply ```

Question 38

Name the components found in the alveoli

Answer 38

Type I & Type II alveolar cell Macrophage Capillary Respiratory Membrane

Question 39

Describe the Type I alveolar cell

Answer 39

 Type I Alveolar Cell: >> Simple squamous epithelium > Forms wall of alveolus

Question 40

Describe the Type II alveolar cell

Answer 40

 Type II Alveolar Cell: | >> Secretes Surfactant

Question 41

Describe the role of the macrophage in alveoli

Answer 41

 Macrophage: | >> Phagocytozes small inhaled particles & bacteria

Question 42

Describe the components of the respiratory membrane of the alveoli

Answer 42

 Respiratory membrane >> Epithelium -> Type I alveolar cell >> Basement membrane -> Type I alveolar cell >> Basement membrane -> Capillary >> Endothilium -> Capillary ->> Basement membranes often fused together.

Question 43

Describe the glottis of the respiratory system

Answer 43

• Glottis:  Prevents consumed substances entering lower respiratory system.  Covered by membrane & attached vocal chord when closed.

Question 44

Describe the Pseudostratisfied Columnar Epithelium with Goblet cells found in the alveoli

Answer 44

• Pseudostratisfied Columnar Epithelium with Goblet Cells:  Mucocilary escalator >> Dust particles -> stuck in mucus layer >> Cilia move mucus layer towards mouth ->> Transports / removes dust particles

Question 45

What are the names of the two organisational components of the respiratory system? State their functions

Answer 45

``` - Conductive:  Filteration, warming & moistening air  Conducting air into lungs - Respiratory:  Sites of gas exchange ```

Question 46

Describe the conductive component of the respiratory system

Answer 46

``` - Conductive:  Filtration, warming & moistening air  Conducting air into lungs Structures:  Nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Primary bronchi  Secondary bronchi  Tertiary Bronchi  Bronchioles  Terminal Bronchioles ```

Question 47

Describe the respiratory component of the respiratory system

Answer 47

``` - Respiratory:  Sites of gas exchange Structures:  Respiratory Bronchioles  Alveolar Ducts  Alveolar Sacs  Alveoli ```