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DAT Bio > Body Systems (stuff having trouble remembering) > Flashcards

Body Systems (stuff having trouble remembering) Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

hemolymph

A

what organisms with open circulatory system pump into sinuses

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2
Q

QRS

A

depolarization of ventricles

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3
Q

Cardiomyocytes

A

heart cells with automaticity, can initiate an action potential without nerve

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4
Q

SA Node

A

in RA, initiates cardiac cycle+has the greatest automaticity+ most likely to stimulate a heartbeat

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5
Q

AV Node

A

Gives a brief delay between contraction of atria+ventricles, sends signal to bundle of His

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6
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

Slows down automaticity of SA node

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7
Q

Lub

A

Ventricles contract

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8
Q

Dub

A

Atria contract

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9
Q

Heart intercalated discs

A

connect heart cells, made of desmosomes+gap junctions and function to transmit signal in coordinated fashion

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10
Q

P Wave. “PQRS”
Q wave
R wave
S wave

A

P- atrial depolarization (contraction)
Q- depolarization through inter ventricular septum
R- Ventricular poarization
s- completion of ventricular polarization

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11
Q

Cardiac Output

A

HR x SV in 1 min

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12
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

average atrial pressure during once complete cycle.

CO x TPR

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13
Q

Capillaries function (cardiac)

A

collect waste+ CO2 and connect to a vein which bring blood back to heart

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14
Q

skeletal muscles

A

squeeze to move blood through veins

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15
Q

platelets (thrombocytes)

A

no nucleus, large bone marrow are the precursor for platelets. Release factors that can help convert fibrinogen into fibrin which creates a net to stop bleeding

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16
Q

Fetal circulation

A

Fetus gets O2 and nutrients through placenta. Blood in baby’s heart does not need to go through the pulmonary system, not exposed to air. Waste+ CO2 removed from right ventricle to umbilical cord

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17
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetallis

A

Mother has Rh- blood, she can develop anti Rh+ antibodies which can attach baby

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18
Q

Lymphatic system

A

hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of capillaries at arterial end, oncotic pressure bring fluid back in at venue end

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19
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

collect remaining lymph, capillaries form layer vessels which travel to heart. Lymph is filtered through lymph nodes(center for adaptive immune response). Move through skeletal muscle

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20
Q

Left lung+right lung

A

L–> 2 lobes

R–> 3 lobes

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21
Q

Pleura

A

covers lungs w/ two layer (parietal (outer) and visceral (inner)

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22
Q

Pleural space

A

fluid filled space between layers, lower pressure than atm

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23
Q

Tidal volume

A

volume of air that moves through lined with inhalation/exhalation

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24
Q

Residual volume

A

minimum amount of air that must be present to prevent lung collapse

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25
Functional residual capacity
entire volume of air still present in lungs after a normal exhalation, sum of expiratory reserve+residual
26
Vital capacity
Max amount of air that can be exhaled after a max inhalation. Inspiratory reserve+tidal volume+expiratory reserve volume.
27
Total lung capacity
sum of vital capacity+residual volume. Max a lung could hold
28
Pathway of air
Nasal cavity>pharynx > Larynx>trachea > main left+ right brochi > bronchioles > alveoli
29
goblet cells
secrete mucus
30
surfactant
substance that prevents lungs from collapsing by reducing surface tension
31
Oxyhemoglobin
carries most O2 in blood
32
Carboxyhemoglobin
binds to carbon monoxide, poisonous
33
carbaminohemoglobin
hemoglobin that transports CO2, CO2 very soluble so most dissolves in blood as bicarbonate.
34
Reduced Hemoglobin
H+ binding to hemoglobin, reduced O2 affinity and increased CO2 affinity
35
Myoglobin
even higher affinity for oxygen than oxyhemoglobin, found in cardiac+ skeletal muscles
36
2,3-diphosphoglycerate
accumulates in cells that undergo anaerobic respiration due to loss of O2, decreases O2 binding
37
Bohr Effect
Decreased O2 affinity when CO2 is high. CO2 converted to bicarbonate and protons produce reduced hemoglobin
38
Haldane Effect
Increased CO2 affinity when O2 is low
39
Bicarbonate buffering system
CO2 + H2O <> H2CO3 <> HCO3- + H+
40
Gas exchange in lungs
1) blood travels to lungs 2)most of CO2 is present in blood as bicarbonate, and they reenter the erythrocytes at lungs + Cl- leave through reverse chloride shift 3)Bicarbonate buffer system equation proceeds in reverse, producing CO2 and H2O. CO2 enters into alveoli, O2 enters blood forming oxyhemoglobin
41
Central chemoreceptors
in medulla oblongata, in blood brain barrier. CO2 converted to bicarbonate and H+ here. As CO2 accumulates acidity increases and central chemoreceptors signal to medulla oblongata to increase breathing
42
Peripheral chemoreceptors
surround aortic arch+ carotid arteries. Sense O2 CO2 and H+ to signal to medulla oblongata
43
Respiratory acidosis
lowered blood pH due to inadequate breathing
44
respiratory alkalosis
increased blood pH due to rapid breathing
45
Sebaceous glands
secrete oil on skin as a form of innate immunity
46
diapedesis
cells move from capillaries to tissues in order to fight pathogens
47
Neutrophils
phagocytes in innate immunity that make up over half of leukocytes
48
Lymphocytes
B cells, T cells, natural killer cells
49
Perforin
creates holes in infected cells
50
granzyme
stimulate apoptosis
51
Macrophages
phagocytes in innate immunity, act as antigen presenting cells to initiate adaptive immunity
52
Eosinophils
innate, have granules that can be released to kill pathogens especially parasites
53
Basophils
Basically mast cells
54
Dendritic cells
scan tissues using pinocytosis+phagocytosis. Act as antigen presenting cells
55
Interferons
secreted by virally infected cells which bind to non infected cells to prepare them for attack
56
complement protein actions
1) tags antigens for phagocytosis in a process called opsonization 2) Amplifies inflammatory response 3) Forms membrane attack complex which lyses pathogens
57
Epitome
Important part of antigen that is recognized by immune cell
58
MHC class 1
surface molecule present on all nucleated cells, and each genetically different individual will have different MHC I molecule
59
MHC Class 2
a surface molecule present on antigen presenting cells, presents foreign antigens.
60
B cells
control anti-body mediated immunity by managing production and release of antibodies
61
B cell receptors
bind to antigen epitomes , each B cell has a unique BCR
62
Clonal selection model
development of one type of BCR for every B cell, through clonal expansion they divide into either plasma cells, secreting cells, or memory B cells
63
Classes of Antibodies
"Me And Eve Don't Go" IgM- pentameric form, first to be produced and activates complement system IgA- found in bodily secretions, babies get passive immunity through mothers breastmilk IgE- Triggers histamine and allergic reaction IgD- not much known IgG- crosses placenta to fetus in order to give it passive immunity. Helps complement system to causes opsonization.
64
T cell receptors
bind to only once type of antigen per T-cell, also undergo clonal selection

DAT Bio (4 decks)

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