Body Terminology

Question 1

1) Superior (Cranial)
2) Inferior (Claudal)

Answer 1

Superior (Cranial): Upward Arrow. Up or Above

Inferior (Caudal): Downward Arrow. It is down or below.

Question 2

1) Medial
2) Lateral

Answer 2

1) Medial: Towards the middle or median of the body.
2) Lateral: Towards the outside of the body, away from the body.

Question 3

1) Anterior (Ventral)
2) Posterior (Dorsal)

Answer 3

1) Anterior (Ventral): The front side of the body
2) Posterior (Dorsal): The back side of the body

Question 4

Name the 3 anatomical planes of the body

Answer 4

1) Coronal (frontal)
2) Median ( Midsagittal )
3) Transverse ( horizontal )

Question 5

1) Proximal
2) Distal

Answer 5

1) Proximal: Proximal is towards the body, so the top of the arm or biceps are proximal or more proximal than the hand.
2) Distal: Further away from the body or point of attachment.

It is referring to the limbs and their situation to their point of attachment.

Question 6

1) Superficial (External)
2) Deep ( Internal)

Answer 6

1) Superficial (External): More towards the outside of the body or the skin
2) Deep ( Internal): More towards the inside of the body or the internal organs.

Question 7

Intermediate

Answer 7

In between. Between the superficial (external) and deep (internal)

Question 8

Anatomical Postion

Answer 8

• Standing erect
• Feet together pointing forward
• Palms forward (no bones crossed), arms at sides
• Looking forward
• Lower limbs together
• Neck vertical
• No matter what position the person is in, structures and surfaces are referred to as if the individual is in the anatomical position.
• A prone or supine position does not change anatomical position!

Question 9

Flexion

Answer 9

Reducing the angle between the two body parts

Question 10

Extension

Answer 10

increasing angle between two body parts

Question 11

Hyperextenion

Answer 11

The shoulder is an exception for this. It is extension when it is on the side, and then hyperextension is when it goes back.

Question 12

Adduction vs. Abduction and circumduction

Answer 12

Adduction is the movement towards the body of the arm.

Abduction is moving the arm out from the body.

Circumduction is a combination of different movements.

Question 13

Medial vs. Lateral Rotation

Answer 13

Medial is the movement of the foot or toes towards the middle of the body.

Lateral is the movement of the toes toward the outside of the body.

Question 14

Pronation vs. Supination

Answer 14

• In anatomical position is is supernation, they are parallel. Holding the soup is supernation.
• Pronation is when you flip the hand over, now the bones cross. Pouring the soup.
• Hold a bowl of soup with a supinated forearm & pour it with pronated forearm

Question 15

Hand Flexion vs. Extension

Answer 15

Flexion is the bending of the hand in towards the bottom of the forearm

Extension is the bending of the wrist to bring the back of the hand towards the top of the forearm

Question 16

Hand movement: Opposition vs. Reposition

Answer 16

Oppositon is the bringing of the fingers together so the thumb touches the pinky.

Repostion is the extension of the fingers.

Question 17

Hand movement: Supination vs. Pronation

Answer 17

Supination is the palm up, pronation is the palm down.

Question 18

Foot movement: Dorsiflexion vs. Plantar flexion

Answer 18

Dorsi flexion is movement of the toes and foot up toward knee cap.

Plantar flexion is the movement of the bottom of the foot down.

Question 19

Foot movement: Inversion vs. Eversion

Answer 19

Inversion: Movement of the bottom of the foot medial or towards the middle of the body.

Eversion: The movement of the bottom of the foot outward.

Question 20

Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 20

Axial is the head and body. It is the bones of the skull, vertebral column (spine), ribs, and sternum which form the axial or central line of the body

Appendicular is the skeleton of the appendenges. It is the bones of the limbs, including the pectoral and pelvic girdles which attach the limbs to the body’s axis.

Question 21

What are the 5 types of bones?

Answer 21

1) Long Bone: femur and humerus are examples
2) Short Bone: carpal bones are examples
3) Flat Bone: Skull vault is an example
4) Irregular Bone: vertebrae are examples
5) Sesamoid Bone: It is located in a tendon

Question 22

The median sagittal plane

Answer 22

It is the vertical plane passing through the midline of the body which divides the body into equal left and right halves.

Question 23

The coronal or frontal plane

Answer 23

it is the vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. This plane is perpendicular to the median sagittal plane

Question 24

The transverse or horizontal plane

Answer 24

It passes horizontally through the bidy and divides it into superior and inferior parts.

Question 25

Bone Tuberosity

Answer 25

Large rounded projection; may be roughened.

Question 26

Bone Trochanter

Answer 26

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process. Only example is on the femur

Question 27

Bone Line

Answer 27

Narrow ridge of bone; it is less prominant than a crest

Question 28

Bone Tubercle

Answer 28

Small rounded projection or process

Question 29

Bone Epicondyle

Answer 29

raised area on or above a condyle

Question 30

Bone Spine

Answer 30

Sharp, slendor, often pointed projection

Question 31

Bone Process

Answer 31

Any boney prominence

Question 32

Projections that help to form joints

Answer 32

1) Head: Boney expansion carried on a narrow neck 2) Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface 3) Condyle: Rounded articular 4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone

Question 33

Groove

Answer 33

Furrow in the bone

Question 34

Fissure

Answer 34

Narrow, slit-like opening

Question 35

Foramen

Answer 35

Round or oval opening through a bone

Question 36

Notch

Answer 36

Indentation at the edge of a structure

Question 37

Meatus

Answer 37

Canal-like passageway

Question 38

Sinus

Answer 38

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with a mucus membrane

Question 39

Fossa

Answer 39

Shallow, basin-like depression in bone, often serving as an articular surface.

Question 40

3 Types of Joints:

Answer 40

1) Fibrous: Bone ends/parts united by collagen fibers 2) Cartilagenous: Bone ends/parts united by catilage 3) Synovial: Bone ends/parts covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within an articular capsule lined within synovial membrane

Question 41

Fibrous Joint

Answer 41

Bone ends/parts united by collagen fibers

Question 42

Cartilagenous Joint

Answer 42

Bone ends/parts united by catilage

Question 43

Synovial Joint

Answer 43

Bone ends/parts covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within an articular capsule lined within synovial membrane. They are moveable joints reinforced by ligaments and the bone ends are covered in hyaline cartilage. It is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, and the joint and its capsule are lined by a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate it.

Question 44

6 Types of Synovial Joints

Answer 44

1) Plane 2) Hinge 3) Pivot 4) Condylar 5) Saddle 6) Ball and Socket

Question 45

Synovial Joint: Plane Joint

Answer 45

Permits gliding and sliding movement

Question 46

Synovial Joint: Ball and Socket

Answer 46

Multiaxial, the joint has a rounded head that articulate with a concavity allows movement on several axes.

Question 47

Sinovial Joint: Hinge

Answer 47

Uniaxial, allows flexion and extension only

Question 48

Synovial Joint: Pivot

Answer 48

Uniaxial, allows rotation

Question 49

Synovial Joint: Condylar

Answer 49

Biaxial, allows for flexion and extension as well as for abduction and adduction and circumduction.

Question 50

Synovial Joint: Saddle Joint

Answer 50

Biaxial, the joint has a saddle shaped head which allows flexion and extension as well as adduction and abduction.

Question 51

Fascia

Answer 51

The fascia of the body is divided into superficial and deep layers.

Question 52

Superficial Fascia

Answer 52

It lies deep to the dermis, it is the subcutaneous tissue and it is connected to the deep fascia. It is the most "superficial"

Question 53

Deep Fascia

Answer 53

It is a dense, organized connective tissue layer, devoid of fat, that covers most of the body parallel to (deep to) the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Extensions from its internal surface invest deeper structures, such as individual muscles and neurovascular bundles, as **investing fascia.** Its thickness varies widely. For example, in the face, distinct layers of deep fascia are absent. In the limbs, groups of muscles with similar functions sharing the same nerve supply are located in fascial compartments, separated by thick sheets of deep fascia, called intermuscular septa that extend centrally from the surrounding fascial sleeve to atach to bones.

Question 54

3 Types of Blood Vessels

Answer 54

1) Arteries 2) Veins 3) Capillaries

Question 55

Arteries

Answer 55

Carry blood from the heart to the body. They have thick, elastic walls, are more rigid, and blood flows under high pressure. They carry oxygenated blood EXCEPT for the pulmonary artery and the umbilical artery. They have branches and NO valves.

Question 56

Veins

Answer 56

Carry blood from the body to the heart. They have a thin, non-elastic wall and are collapsable. Blood flows through them at low pressure. They carry deoxygenated blood except for the pulmunary vein and umbilical vein. They have tributaries, meaning they flow into larger veins and have valves. - Superficial veins: lie close to the surface of the body. - Deep veins: known as venae comitantes as they accompany the arteries supplying a given structure. - Valves are present in low pressure venous system. - Many veins, particularly those in the arms and legs, have one-way valves.

Question 57

Lymphatic System

Answer 57

The lymphatic system is part of the immune system. ## Footnote It is composed of: 1) Lymph: watery fluid resembles the plasma and contains lymphocytes. 2) Lymphoid organs: tonsils, thymus, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes. 3) Lymph vessels: Are a network of capillaries that transport the lymph and lymphocytes.

Question 58

Lymphatic Drainage

Answer 58

**Lymphatic Drainage:** * Majority of lymph collects to drain in the **thoracic duct** for delivery back to the venous system. Thoracic duct drains at the junction of the **Left internal jugular vein (IJV)** and **left subclavian vein**. * The **right lymphatic duct** only drains the right upper quadrant of the body at the junction of the **Right IJV** and **right subclavian vein**

Question 59

Nervous System

Answer 59

The nervous system is composed of: 1) Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord 2) Periphial nervous system (PNS)

Question 60

Divisions of the PNS

Answer 60

1) Somatic Nervous System: Skin, skeletal muscles, and joints. 2) Autonomic Nervous System

Question 61

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 61

Skin, skeletal muscles, and joints. It is composed of motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent). The former carries impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles. The latter carries sensory information to the CNS

Question 62

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 62

Cardiac muscle, glands, and all smooth muscles (vessels and viscera (**enteric system**) * It is composed of **sympathetic and parasympathetic systems** * **The sympathetic nervous system** controls **fight or flight** reactions (dialtion of pupils, increase heart rate, decrease in activity of gut, etc.) * The **Parasympathetic Nervous System** is concerned with **rest and digest** (e.g. increased activity of the gut)