boerma

Question 1

What are the main characteristics that differentiate animals?

Answer 1

Symmetry, body cavity, development, digestive tract, circulatory system, reproduction, mode of life.

Question 2

What type of organisms are Porifera?

Answer 2

Sponges.

Question 3

What are the two main cell types in sponges?

Answer 3

Choanocytes and amoebocytes.

Question 4

How does water flow in sponges?

Answer 4

In through spongocoel, out through osculum.

Question 5

What is the reproductive strategy of sponges?

Answer 5

Hermaphrodites; larvae are motile.

Question 6

What are the key characteristics of Cnidaria?

Answer 6

Diploblastic, radial symmetry, nerve net.

Question 7

What is the digestive structure in Cnidaria?

Answer 7

Gastrovascular cavity.

Question 8

What are the two forms of Cnidarians?

Answer 8

Polyp (sessile) and medusa (free-swimming).

Question 9

What are cnidocytes?

Answer 9

Stinging organelles in Cnidarians.

Question 10

Name the two major groups within Cnidaria.

Answer 10

Medusozoans and Anthozoans.

Question 11

What defines Bilateria?

Answer 11

Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, coelomate.

Question 12

What are the main characteristics of Platyhelminthes?

Answer 12

Acoelomate, gastrovascular cavity, some are parasites.

Question 13

What are planarians known for?

Answer 13

Light-sensitive, centralized nervous system.

Question 14

What is unique about Trematodes?

Answer 14

They have a complex life cycle.

Question 15

How do tapeworms absorb nutrients?

Answer 15

They have no mouth and absorb via scolex.

Question 16

What defines Mollusca?

Answer 16

Soft body, often with CaCO₃ shell.

Question 17

List the main body parts of Mollusca.

Answer 17

• Muscular foot
• Visceral mass
• Mantle

Question 18

What are the four classes of Mollusca?

Answer 18

• Chitons
• Gastropods
• Bivalves
• Cephalopods

Question 19

What is unique about cephalopods?

Answer 19

Closed circulatory system, beak, complex brain.

Question 20

What are the characteristics of Annelida?

Answer 20

Segmented, coelomate, closed circulatory.

Question 21

What are the two groups within Annelida?

Answer 21

• Errantia (mobile, parapodia)
• Sedentaria (earthworms, leeches)

Question 22

What defines Ecdysozoa?

Answer 22

Exoskeleton (cuticle) and molting.

Question 23

What are the characteristics of Nematodes?

Answer 23

Pseudocoelomate, longitudinal muscles.

Question 24

What defines Arthropods?

Answer 24

Jointed appendages, exoskeleton of chitin, open circulatory.

Question 25

Name the three major groups of Arthropods.

Answer 25

* Chelicerates * Myriapods * Pancrustaceans

Question 26

What are the key features of Deuterostomia?

Answer 26

Radial cleavage, blastopore becomes anus.

Question 27

What are the characteristics of Echinodermata?

Answer 27

Sea stars, tube feet, endoskeleton.

Question 28

List the four key features of Chordata.

Answer 28

* Notochord * Dorsal nerve cord * Pharyngeal slits * Post-anal tail

Question 29

What are the two non-vertebrate groups in Chordata?

Answer 29

* Lancelets * Tunicates

Question 30

What defines vertebrates?

Answer 30

Vertebrae, neural crest, Hox genes.

Question 31

What are Cyclostomes?

Answer 31

Jawless fish like hagfish and lampreys.

Question 32

What are the key features of Gnathostomes?

Answer 32

Have jaws, lateral line, enhanced senses.

Question 33

What are Chondrichthyes?

Answer 33

Sharks and rays with cartilage skeleton.

Question 34

What defines Osteichthyes?

Answer 34

Bony fish and tetrapods.

Question 35

What are the two subclasses of Osteichthyes?

Answer 35

* Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) * Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned, includes tetrapods)

Question 36

What are the key features of Tetrapods?

Answer 36

4 limbs, fused pelvis, no gills.

Question 37

What are the features of Amphibia?

Answer 37

Skin breathing, aquatic larvae.

Question 38

What defines Amniotes?

Answer 38

Amniotic egg with amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion.

Question 39

What are the key characteristics of Reptilia?

Answer 39

Scales, lay shelled eggs, ectothermic.

Question 40

What defines Mammalia?

Answer 40

Mammary glands and hair.

Question 41

What are the three groups of mammals?

Answer 41

* Monotremes (lay eggs) * Marsupials (pouch) * Eutherians (placenta)

Question 42

What are the four types of animal tissues?

Answer 42

* Epithelial * Connective * Muscle * Nervous

Question 43

What is the principle behind homeostasis?

Answer 43

Set point, sensor, control center, response.

Question 44

Name the four methods of heat exchange.

Answer 44

* Conduction * Convection * Radiation * Evaporation

Question 45

What factors influence energy use in animals?

Answer 45

Metabolic rate (BMR/SMR) and size.

Question 46

Fill in the blank: Essential nutrients include _______.

Answer 46

[amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals]

Question 47

What are the four feeding types?

Answer 47

* Filter * Substrate * Fluid * Bulk

Question 48

What are the two types of digestion?

Answer 48

* Intracellular (vacuoles) * Extracellular (gut)

Question 49

What components are involved in digestion in the stomach?

Answer 49

HCl and pepsin.

Question 50

What is the role of the small intestine?

Answer 50

Absorption via villi/microvilli.

Question 51

What are the components of a circulatory system?

Answer 51

* Fluid * Vessels * Heart

Question 52

What are the two types of circulation?

Answer 52

* Open * Closed

Question 53

What is the difference between single and double circulation?

Answer 53

* Single (fish) * Double (mammals)

Question 54

What happens during diastole and systole in the cardiac cycle?

Answer 54

* Diastole (relax) * Systole (contract)

Question 55

What is blood pressure?

Answer 55

Force in all directions.

Question 56

What happens to blood flow in capillaries versus veins?

Answer 56

Blood slows in capillaries, speeds up in veins.

Question 57

What are the needs for respiration?

Answer 57

* Partial pressure gradient * Respiratory medium * Surface

Question 58

Name the three respiratory systems.

Answer 58

* Trachea (insects) * Gills (aquatic) * Lungs (terrestrial)

Question 59

What type of breathing do mammals use?

Answer 59

Negative pressure breathing.