Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MBB > Bolded Drugs > Flashcards

Bolded Drugs Flashcards

(70 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Lidocaine

A 
Local anesthetic - amide
Indx: local anesthesia, neuropathic pain
Mech: block V-gate Na channels in nerve
AE: CNS effects, CV depression, hypersensitivity rxn, hematological effects (methemoglobinemia)
Other: metabolized by liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Benzodiazepine

A

Spasmolytic agent
Indx: Spasticity due to cerebral palsy, MS, spinal cord injury, stroke, etc.; essential tremor; CINV, PONV; anxiety (panic disorder, GAD); seizures
Mech: Bind to GABAa receptors, increase GABA-mediated IPSP
AE: Sedation, motor impairment, amnesia, tolerance, physical dependence (schedule IV)
Other: Also can be used for acute msc spasm; especially effective in ET aggravated by anxiety; rapid onset of anxiolytic effects
Seizure indx: status epilepticus or, sometimes, absence, atonic, and myoclonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Baclofen

A

Spasmolytic agent
Indx: Spasticity due to cerebral palsy, MS, spinal cord injury, stroke, etc.
Mech: Agonist GABAb receptors, decrease exocytosis of excitatory NTs (presynaptic), also postsynaptic inhib effect
AE: SKM weakness, dizziness, drowsiness, depression, fatigue @ high doses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tizanidine

A

Spasmolytic agent
Indx: Spasticity due to cerebral palsy, MS, spinal cord injury, stroke, etc.
Mech: Agonist at a2 receptors, decrease exocytosis of excitatory NTs in brain/spinal cord (presynaptic), also postsyn inhib effect
AE: SKM weakness (less than baclofen), a2 agonist side effects [hypotension, drowsiness, dry mouth]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cyclobenzaprine

A

Muscle relaxant
Indx: Acute muscle spasm due to local tissue injury, muscle sprains, etc.
Mech: Central effect, probably at brain stem; sedative effects (mech unsure)
AE: Drowsiness, mAChR antag side effects [dry mouth, urinary retention, confusion, attacks of angle-closure glaucoma]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Levodopa

A

DA precursor
Indx: PD, dystonia
Mech: converted to DA by dopaminergic neurons in striatum
AE: n/v, postural hypotension, dyskinesia, confusion
Other: can be administered with carbidopa and/or entacapone to increase bioavailability past BBB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Carbidopa

A

DA precursor
Indx: PD, dystonia
Mech: amino acid dexcarboxylase inhibitor, blocks peripheral conversion of levodopa to DA
AE: n/v (decreases levodopa’s effects), postural hypotension, dyskinesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Entacapone

A

COMT inhibitor
Indx: PD, dystonia
Mech: inhibits DA conversion in the periphery by COM
AE: dyskinesia, nausea, confusion
Other: assists with levodopa bio availability across BBB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ropinirole

A

DA agonist
Indx: PD
Mech: stimulate DA receptors (particularly D2) in striatum
AE: n/v, postural hypotension, dyskinesia, adverse behavioral effects, excessive daytime sleepiness, disorders of impulse control
Other: less likely to cause dyskinesia and motor fluctuations than levodopa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Trihexyphenidyl

A

mAChR antagonist
Indx: PD, drug-induced EPS
Mech: block mAChRs in striatum
AE: mAChR antag side effects (dry mouth, urinary retention, confusion, attacks of angle-closure glaucoma in suscept. pts)
Other: particularly useful treating tremor of PD, not indicated in elderly or demented patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Selegiline

A

MAO-B inhibitors
Indx: PD; depression
Mech: inhibit MAO-B in brain, increases half-life of DA in brain; inhibit MAO, decreasing metabolism of NE and 5-HT
AE: nausea, headache; postural hypotension, sexual dysfunction, hypertensive crises, sleep disturbances, increased appetite (weight gain), hepatotoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Amantadine

A

NMDAR antagonist
Indx: PD [and antiviral/prophylaxis for influenza]
Mech: uncertain; may decrease glutaminergic transmission in basal ganglia or simulate DA receptors/release
AE: CNS effects (dizziness, confusion), nausea, dermatological reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tetrabenazine

A

VMAT2 antagonist
Indx: chorea, tics
Mech: inhibits uptake of DA into synaptic vesicles, depletes neuronal DA
AE: depression, drowsiness/fatigue, Parkinsonian syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Haloperidol

A

Antipsychotics
Indx: chorea, tics
Mech: block D2 receptors
AE: EPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Clonidine

A

a2 agonist
Indx: tics; neuropathic pain
Mech: May reduce activity of noradrenergic neurons in locus ceruleus; analgesic: stimulate a2 receptors in brain, spinal cord
AE: sedation, xerostomia, constipation; a2 agonist side fx (sedation, hypotension, dry mouth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

Muscle relaxant
Indx: tics; neurogenic bladder due to spinal cord injury or MS
Mech: blocks exocytosis of ACh from cholinergic nerve terminals at NMJ, causes local muscle paralysis; same mech, causing dec. bladder tone and dec. incontinence
AE: injection site rxn, weakness of injected msc and adj msc; UTI, urinary retention, hematuria
Other: used for focal motor or vocal tics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Propranolol

A

Beta antagonist
Indx: essential tremor (drug of choice)
Mech: blocks beta receptors effects in brain and on SKM
AE: beta antag side effects (decreased HR, AV block, hypotension, exacerbation of asthma or COPD, impaired circ to hands/feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Primidone

A

Antiepileptic drug
Indx: essential tremor
Mech: metabolized to phenobarbital, which binds to allosteric site on GABAa receptors in brain, spinal cord; increase GABA-mediated IPSP
AE: depression, drowsiness/fatigue, nausea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Topiramate

A

Antiepileptic (2nd gen)/anticonvulsant drug
Indx: essential tremor, neuropathic pain, seizures
Mech: prolongs inactivated state of Na channels, enhance GABAergic transmission
AE: cognition problems, weight loss, metabolic acidosis, nephrolithiasis, metallic taste, ocular problems, teratogenic effects (increased risk for cleft palate, etc)
Seizure indx: partial and generalized tonic-clonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Gabapentin

A

Antiepileptic (2nd gen)/anticonvulsant drug
Indx: essential tremor, neuropathic pain, seizures
Mech: Binds to a2delta subunit of V-gated Ca channels in brain, spinal cord but mech for ET/analgesic is uncertain; may decrease glut release and/or enhance GABAergic trans
AE: ataxia, sedation, headache, weight gain, hyperactivity in children
Other: more efficient in treating neuropathic pain than seizures
Seizure indx: adjunct for partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Tropicamide

A

mAChR antagonist
Indx: facilitates ophthalmoscopy; facilitates refraction
Mech: block mAChRs on pupillary constrictor msc, causing mydriasis; block mAChRs on ciliary msc, causing cycloplegia
AE: photosensitivity, blurred vision, systemic mAChR antag side effects (xerostomia, confusion, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Phenylephrine

A

a1 agonist
Indx: facilitation of ophthalmoscopy
Mech: stimulates a1 receptors on pupillary dilator msc, causing mydriasis
AE: photosensitivity, systemic a1 agonist side effects (increased BP)
Other: preferred drug if patient needs to recover eye sight quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Dexamethasone

A

Glucocorticoid
Indx: vasogenic cerebral edema, CINV (with 5-HT antag and NK1 antag), PONV
Mech: inhibits PLA2 leading to improved function of damaged BBB
AE: iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome (insomnia, behavioral changes, peptic ulcers, truncal obesity, weight gain, muscle wasting, myopathy, hyperglycemia, diabetes, osteoporosis, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mannitol

A

Osmotic diuretic
Indx: increased intracranial pressure
Mech: increases ECFosm, so shifts fluid from ICF to ECF
AE: overexpansion of ECF, electrolyte disturbances, rebound increased ICP due to drug entering BBB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Acetazolamide
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic Indx: idiopathic intracranial hypertension Mech: inhibits carbonic anhydride, decreasing secretion of fluids driven by H+/HCO3- secretion, decreasing CSF production AE: hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis
26
Ibuprofen
NSAID Indx: mild to moderate pain, pyrexia, inflammation Mech: inhibit COX, decrease synth of PGs AE: GI side fx, decreased platelet aggregation leading to increased bleeding, decreased RBF and GFR in pts with decreased ECV Other: can have hypersensitivity runs
27
Acetaminophen
``` NSAID Indx: mild to moderate pain, pyrexia Mech: inhibit COX, decrease synth of PGs AE: GI side fx, decreased platelet aggregation leading to increased bleeding, decreased RBF and GFR in pts with decreased ECV Other: can have hypersensitivity runs ```
28
Morphine
Full u agonist - opioid analgesic Indx: moderate to severe pain Mech: stimulate mu opioid receptors in amygdala, SN, periaqueductal gray area, rostroventral medulla, and spinal cord AE: sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, n/v, urinary retention, histamine release (vasodilation, allergic sx), neuron doctrine effects (increased ADH secretion), risk of psych dependence and abuse
29
Fentanyl
Full u agonist - opioid analgesic Indx: moderate to severe pain Mech: stimulate mu opioid receptors in amygdala, SN, periaqueductal gray area, rostroventral medulla, and spinal cord AE: sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, n/v, urinary retention, histamine release (vasodilation, allergic sx), neuron doctrine effects (increased ADH secretion), risk of psych dependence and abuse
30
Methadone
Full u agonist - opioid analgesic Indx: moderate to severe pain; mgmt of opioid dependence Mech: stimulate mu opioid receptors in amygdala, SN, periaqueductal gray area, rostroventral medulla, and spinal cord; agonist at mu opioid receptors AE: sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, n/v, urinary retention, histamine release (vasodilation, allergic sx), neuron doctrine effects (increased ADH secretion), risk of psych dependence and abuse, drowsiness, inc. risk of cardiac arrhythmias
31
Codeine
Full u agonist - opioid analgesic Indx: mild to moderate pain Mech: stimulate mu opioid receptors in amygdala, SN, periaqueductal gray area, rostroventral medulla, and spinal cord AE: sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, n/v, urinary retention, histamine release (vasodilation, allergic sx), neuron doctrine effects (increased ADH secretion), risk of psych dependence and abuse
32
Buprenorphine
Partial u agonist - opioid analgesic Indx: moderate to severe pain; mgmt of opioid dependence (w/ naloxone) Mech: stimulate mu opioid receptors in amygdala, SN, periaqueductal gray area, rostroventral medulla, and spinal cord; partial agonist at mu opioid receptor AE: sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, n/v, urinary retention, histamine release (vasodilation, allergic sx), neuron doctrine effects (increased ADH secretion), risk of psych dependence and abuse, other opioid side fx
33
Naloxone
Opioid antagonist Indx: opioid overdose; prevention of IV abuse of buprenorphine Mech: blocks all opioid receptors Other: works well in blocking effect of buprenorphine when used together
34
Naltrexone
Opioid antagonist Indx: opioid overdose; mgmt of ethanol dependence Mech: blocks all opioid receptors; inhibits rewarding effects of ethanol AE: nausea, headache, dizziness Other: useful for staying off opioids after withdrawal
35
Tramadol
Misc. analgesic Indx: moderate pain Mech: inhibit SERT and NET, weakly stimulate opioid receptors AE: dizziness, n/v, constipation Other: contraindicated in patients with seizures
36
Clonidine
a2 agonist Indx: post-op pain management Mech: stimulate a2 receptors in brain and spinal cord AE: a2 agonist side fx (sedation, hypotension, dry mouth)
37
Carbamazepine
Anticonvulsant/antiepileptic (1st gen) Indx: neuropathic pain, bipolar disorder, seizures Mech: prolongs inactivated state of V-gated Na channels; mech for mood stability poorly understood AE: diplopia, blurred vision, rash, leukopenia, hyponatremia, teratogenic effects; ataxia Other: very useful in treating trigeminal neuralgia Seizure indx: partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic
38
Phenytoin
Anticonvulsant/ antiepileptic (1st gen) Indx: neuropathic pain, seizures Mech: prolongs inactivated state of V-gated Na channels AE: gingival hyperplasia, acne, hirsutism, facial coarsening, rash, teratogenic effects; nystagmus, dose-related cerebellar syndrome Seizure indx: partial and generalized tonic-clonic
39
Amitriptyline
Antidepressant - TCA Indx: neuropathic pain; anxiety (social anciety disorder, panic disorder), depression Mech: inhibit NET and SERT, mech for analgesic effects uncertain AE: mAChR antag side fx (dry mouth, urinary retention, confusion, etc.), a1 antag side fx (postural hypotension), H1 antag side fx (sedation, increased appetite leading to weight gain), cardiac arrythmias, conduction delays, etc) Other: overdose leads to diagnostic triad of coma, seizures, ECG abnormalities (QT prolongation, etc); low therapeutic index
40
Duloxetine
Antidepressant - SNRI Indx: neuropathic pain, anxiety (GAD), depression Mech: inhibit SERT and NET, analgesic effect mech uncertain AE: GI disturbances, sedation, sexual dysfunction Other: can also be used for pain assoc with fibromyalgia and chronic MSK pain; may possible raise BP
41
What drugs can cause seizures in normal people?
Tramadol, bupropion, and (clozapine)
42
Bethanechol
mAChR agonist Indx: Neurogenic bladder due to spinal bladder or autonomic neuropathy [overflow incontinence] Mech: stimulates mAChRs in bladder, leads to increased bladder tone and increased emptying AE: mAChR agonist side fx (GI side fx (craps, diarrhea, n/v), diaphoresis, hypersalivation, lacrimation, etc.) Other: may cause bronchospasm/wheezing, caution in pts with asthma
43
Oxybutynin
mAChR antagonist Indx: neurogenic bladder due to spinal cord injury or MS Mech: Black mAChR in bladder, leads to decreased bladder tone and decreased incontinence AE: mAChR antag side fx (xerostomia, confusion, attacks of angle-closure glaucoma, etc.)
44
Ondansetron
5-HT antagonist Indx: chemo-induced NV, radiation therapy-induced NV, postop NV, gastroenteritis-induced NV Mech: block 5-HT receptors on vagal afferents in GI tract, CTZ, EC/NTS, causes decreased NV AE: headache, constipation, dizziness, increased QT interval
45
Metoclopramide
D2 antagonist Indx: PONV, gastroenteritis-induced NV, migraine-induced NV, NV due to GI motility disorders, CINV Mech: block D2 receptors in CTZ and EC/NTS, decreasing NV AE: EPS
46
Scopolamine
mAChR antagonist Indx: PONV, NV due to motion sickness/vestibular disorders Mech: block mAChR on vestibular afferents and EC/NTS, decreasing NV AE: mAChR antag side fx (xerostomia, constipation, urinary retention, visual disturbances, etc) Other: contraindicated in pts with GI or urinary tract obstruction, BPH
47
Diphenhydramine
H1 antihistamine (1st gen) Indx: PONV, NV due to motion sickness/vestibular disorders Mech: Block H1 receptors on vestibular afferents and EC/NTS, decreasing NV AE: mAChR antag side fx (xerostomia, confusion, urinary retention, constipation, visual disturbances) Other: contraindicated in pts with GI or urinary tract obstruction, BPH
48
Acamprosate
GABA analog Indx: Management of ethanol dependence Mech: may decrease glutaminergic transmission and attenuate neuronal hyperexcitability AE: diarrhea, nervousness, fatigue
49
Nicotine
nAChR agonist Indx: mgmt of smoking cessation Mech: suppress acute and prolonged withdrawal sx and cravings in nicotine-dependent pts AE: headache, appetite stimulation
50
Varenicline
nAChR partial agonist Indx: mgmt of smoking cessation Mech: suppress acute and prolonged withdrawal sx and cravings in nicotine-dependent pts AE: nausea, insomnia, headache, abnormal dreams, neuropsychiatric sx (agitation, depression, increased suicide risk)
51
Buproprion
NDRI Indx: mgmt of smoking cessation; depression Mech: inhibit NET and DAT (DA to attenuate cravings, NE to relieve withdrawal sx) AE: insomnia, headache, agitation, xerostomia Other: can cause seizures
52
Fluoxetine
SSRI Indx: anxiety (GAD, PTSD, OCS, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder), depression Mech: inhibit SERT AE: Gi side fx (NV, GI cramps, diarrhea), sexual dysfunction, motor restlessness, insomnia
53
Buspirone
Anxiolytic (partial serotonin agonist) Indx: anxiety (GAD) Mech: partial agonist at 5-HT receptors AE: dizziness, non-specific chest pain
54
Lithium
Indx: bipolar disorder Mech: inhibits multiple enzymes involved in generation of secondary messengers (e.g. IP3, cAMP), but mech poorly understood AE: tremor, weight gain, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (polyuria), polydipsia, GI side fx, rash Other: effective for mania
55
Divalproex
Antiepileptic (1st gen) Indx: bipolar disorder, seizures Mech: prolong inactive state of Na channels, block T-type Ca channels, mech for mood stabilization poorly understood AE: weight gain, alopecia, tremor, teratogenic effects Seizure indx: partial and generalized tonic-clonic, myoclonic, absence
56
Lamotrigine
Antiepileptic (2nd gen) Indx: bipolar disorder, seizures Mech: prolong inactive state of Na channels, inhibit glutaminergic transmission, block T-type Ca channels, mech for mood stabilization poorly understood AE: rash, ataxia, headaches, diplopia Seizure indx: partial and generalized tonic-clonic, myoclonic, 2nd line for absence
57
Quetiapine
2nd gen antipsychotic Indx: bipolar disorder Mech: block D2 and 5-HT receptors, mech for mood stabilization poorly understood AE: weight gain, metabolic changes, EPS, sedation
58
Ethosuximide
``` Antiepileptic (1st gen) Indx: seizures Mech: block T-type Ca channels AE: sleep disturbances, rash Seizure indx: absence ```
59
Phenobarbital
Antiepileptic (1st gen) Indx: seizures Mech: binds to allosteric site on GABAa receptors in brain, spinal cord, increases GABA-mediated IPSPs AE: psychomotor impairment, tolerance, physical dependence, abuse potential, daytime sedation, adverse effects on sleep cycle Seizure indx: partial and secondonary generalized tonic-clonic; used now for children and status epilepticus
60
Primidone
Antiepileptic (1st gen) Indx: seizures Mech: metabolized to phenobarbital AE: psychomotor impairment, tolerance, physical dependence, daytime sedation, adverse effects on sleep cycle Seizure indx: partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic
61
Levetiracetam
2nd gen antiepileptic Indx: seizures Mech: may modify exocytosis of glutamate and GABA via an effect on vesicular function AE: psychosis, hallucinations, irritability Seizure indx: partial and gernealized tonic-clonic, myoclonic, 2nd line for absence
62
Drugs for neuropathic pain
``` Dying Axons Can Get Cured To Lower Pain Duloxetine Amtriptyline Clonidine Gabapentin Carbamazepine Topiramate Lidocaine Phenytoin ```
63
Drugs for tremor
``` Tremors Get Bad, Poor Prognosis Topiramate Gabapentin Benzodiazepine Primidone Propanolol ```
64
Drugs for tics
``` Tics Can Be Highly Repetitive Tetrabenazine Clonidine Botox Haloperidol Risperidone ```
65
Drugs for chorea
chorea is HOT Haloperidol Olanzapine Tetrabenazine
66
Drugs for nausea/vomiting
``` Only Male Donkeys Do Big Shit Ondansetron Metoclopramide Dexamethasone Diphenhydramine Benzodiaepines Scopolamine ```
67
Drugs for neurogenic bladder
BOB Bethanechol Oxybutynin Botox
68
Drugs for bipolar disorder
``` Lame Ladies Quit Dealing with Crazies Lithium Lamotrigine Quetiapine Divalproex Carbamazepine ```
69
Drugs for anxiety
``` Fuck Benz, Drive a Bus Fluoxetine Benzodiazepine Duloxetine Amitriptyline Buspirone ```
70
Drugs for Alzheimer's disease
MD for AD Memantine Donepezil

MBB (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions