Bolded/Key points Flashcards
1
Q
Papovaviridae is the family for what virus?
A
HPV
2
Q
Papillomavirus is the GENUS for what virus?
A
HPV
3
Q
How many types of HPV are there?
A
100
4
Q
What are the two types of HPV?
A
Cutaneous and mucosal
5
Q
What layer of skin does HPV grow and thicken (acanthosis) in?
A
Basal layer of epithelium
6
Q
How can HPV be transmitted?
A
Fomites, surfaces of furniture, bathroom floors and inadequately chlorinated swimming pools
7
Q
What virus is one of the most common sexually-transmitted diseases and affects 20-60% of adult women?
A
HPV
8
Q
What HPV types cause laryngeal papilloma?
A
6 & 11
9
Q
What HPV types cause oral papillomas?
A
2, 6, 11, 16
10
Q
What HPV type causes focal epithelial hyperplasia?
A
13 & 32
11
Q
What HPV types cause cervical cancer?
A
16,18,31, 35
12
Q
What HPV types cause conjunctival papilloma?
A
6 & 11
13
Q
What are conjunctival papillomas?
A
Non-malignant, mushroom-shaped growths on the eyelid.
14
Q
What virus is associated with exophytic warts?
A
HPV
15
Q
What are exophytic warts?
A
Dome-shaped papules or have hyperkeratosed fonds
16
Q
What are focal epithelial hyperplasias (Heck’s disease)?
A
Nodular lesions of the mouth
17
Q
What virus is associated with focal epithelial hyperplasia?
A
HPV
18
Q
What HPV types cause genital warts?
A
6 & 11
19
Q
How would you diagnose HPV?
A
PAP smear to observe koilocytotic (vacuolated cytoplasm) squamous epithelial cells; DNA Probe analysis; PCR, and Southern Blotting
20
Q
What treatment is used for HPV?
A
Warts removed by surgical cryotherapy, electrocautery or chemical means (Podofilox); Interferon and Imiquimod; Cidofovir
21
Q
Are there any vaccines used for HPV and if so what are they?
A
Yes - Gardasil (protects against 6, 11, 16 & 18) and Cervarix (NOT approved in US)
22
Q
How many serotypes are there for Adenovirus?
A
100 - 51 are infectious to humans
23
Q
What virus causes the most URT infections, conjunctivitis, hemorrhagic cystitis and gastroenteritis?
A
Adenovirus
24
Q
What virus is the cause of 5-10% of all viral infections and are seen most commonly in children and military recruits?
A
Adenovirus
25
What virus is the 2nd most important cause of primary gastroenteritis in infants and is used as a vector for gene replacement therapy?
Adenovirus
26
What virus is the 1st most common cause of primary gastroenteritis in infants?
Rotovirus
27
What is the family name for Adenovirus?
Adenoviridae
28
What is the genus name for Adenovirus?
Mastadenovirus
29
How is adenovirus contracted and what does it affect?
Aerosol, close contact or fecal-oral route; it affects epithelial cells of respiratory tract and enteric organs
30
Adenovirus may become latent where?
Lymphoid tissue (Tonsils, adenoids, peyers patches, etc.)
31
What virus is associated with dark basophilic nuclear inclusions due to accumulation of DNA, proteins, and capsids?
Adenovirus
32
What are the most common types of adenovirus seen among military recruits?
Serotypes 4 & 7
33
What is acute febrile pharyngitis and what virus is it associated with?
Pharyngitis that mimicks strep throat
34
What often accompanies pharyngitis when infected with adenovirus?
Conjunctivitis
35
Swimming pools are common sources for outbreaks of Adenovirus related what (infection)?
Conjunctivitis
36
What does ARDS stand for?
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
37
What is ARDS?
Acute, severe injury to most or all of both lungs. These patients require mechanical ventilation
38
What virus is associated with ARDS?
Adenovirus
39
What virus is associated with Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis (EKC)?
Adenovirus
40
What virus is associated with atypical pneumonia?
Adenovirus
41
What virus is associated with gastoenteritis and diarrhea and what serotypes are responsible?
Adenovirus - serotypes 40,41 & 42.
42
What virus causes NO specific oral diseases?
Adenovirus
43
What types of cutures are used for adenovirus?
From throat; NOT diarrhea samples
44
What techniques are used for diagnosis of adenovirus?
Immunoasays; PCR; DNA probing
45
What is the treatment for adenovirus?
No known treatment - Eye drops given to help with comfort of the pink eye
46
Are there vaccines used for adenovirus and if so what is it?
Oral vaccines of live adenovirus 4 & 7 are given ONLY to military recruits
47
How many herpesviruses cause clinical disease in humans?
8 total
48
What viruses have the capacity to persist in the host indefinitely in the form of an episome?
Herpesvirus
49
What are the three disease phases of human herpes viruses?
Primary infection, latency, and reactivation
50
Is it possible for the disease syndrome during a primary infection to change during reactivation?
Yes
51
What occurs during primary infection?
The virus is replicating, initial clinical disease occurs, patient is infectious
52
What are the three major factors that determine severity of herpes virus?
Age, Site of infection & Immunocompetence of the individual
53
What occurs during latency?
The viral genome persists but there is no replication of the virus, no disease, not infectious
54
What viruses establish latency in neurons?
HSV1, HSV 2, and VZV (HHV3)
55
What viruses establish latency in lyphocytes?
CMV, EBV, and HHV6
56
When does reactivation generally occur?
Immunosupression of patient - stress, pregnancy, menses, other disease, or suppressive therapy
57
What occurs during reactivation?
Virus begins to replicate & individual becomes infectious (clinical disease may be different during this time because it may be at another site from original infections)
58
What is the family name for herpesvirus?
Herpesviridae
59
What HHVs are in the Alphaherpersvirinae subfamily?
HSV 1, HSV 2, and VZV
60
What HHVs are in the Betaherpervirinae?
CMV, HHV6, HHV7
61
What HHVs are in the Gammaherpesvirinae?
EBV & HHV8
62
What cells do HSV1 & 2 initially infect?
Mucoepithelial cells
63
What is the most common sites of inoculation with HSV1 and HSV2?
HSV1 - Oral mucosa
| HSV2 - Genital mucosa
64
90% of people living in underdeveloped areas produce antibodies for what virus by age 2?
HSV1
65
How can HSV be transmitted?
Saliva, vaginal fluids, and lesion fluids - orally, sexually, autoinnoculation of the eyes and through breaks in the skin.
66
HSV1 is generally transmitted via what route? HSV2?
HSV1 - orally
| HSV2 - sexually
67
What type of herpes virus can cause oral herpes?
HSV1 and HSV2
68
What virus is associated with Herpetic gingivostomatitis?
HSV
69
What is Herpetic gingivostomatitis and what virus generally is the cause?
Sores of the mouth on the lips, gums, tongue, and cheeks and is mostly seen in toddlers and young children - HSV1
70
What is herpes labialis and what generally causes it?
Cold sores - reactivation of HSV1 from mandibular nerve via the trigeminal nerve ganglia - can be due to stress, menstruation, fatigue, hot liquids and UV light
71
What is herpes keratitis and what generally causes it?
Causes sensitivity to light and pain in the eye - due to reactivation of HSV1 - virus travels down opthalmic branch of the eye from trigeminal nerve
72
What virus causes Herpetic Whitlow and what is it?
Infection of the finger (wear gloves) - HSV1 & HSV2
73
Genital herpes is generally caused by what virus?
HSV2 (90%) and HSV1 (10%)
74
What virus usually causes herpes encephalitis?
HSV1
75
What is herpes encephalitis?
Causes swelling of the brain characterized by seizures and localized signs in the temporal lobe.
76
What is the leading cause of sporadic encephalitis in the US?
HSV1
77
What is an accurate and fast way to test for HSV?
PCR (1 day)
78
What virus is associated with Tzanck smear?
HSV
79
What does a Tzanck smear look for?
Epidermal multinucleated cells and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions.
80
What are the ways to treat HSV?
Acyclovir (For non ocular herpes) and Trifluidine (opthalmic solution)
81
Research has suggested certain diets play an important role in keeping herpesvirus outbreaks to a low. What are they?
High lysine to arginine ratio (suppresses HSV replication) - Things like beef, chicken, fish, milk, cheese, beans, fruits and veggies.
82
What is the initial site of VZV and where does it move to?
Respiratory tract (inhaled) to lymphatics to live and spleen then secondary viremia spreads to skin and mucosal surfaces.
83
What is VZV also known as?
Chickenpox in its first infection and shingles when it is reactivated.
84
What virus is highly communicable and over 90% of susceptible individuals in a single household are at risk of becoming infected?
VZV
85
What virus is the ONLY HHV virus that spreads from person-to-person via airborne transmission?
VZV
86
What does VZV stand for?
Varicella Zoster Virus
87
What virus can be extremely dangerous for immunocompromised people, the elderly (that haven't had it before) and newborns?
VZV
88
Is the VZV a source of contagion when it is reactivated?
YES
89
What are the characteristics of vericella and what virus is it associated with?
Vesiculopustular rash, and vesicles are described as "dewdrops on a rose petal" that then become pustules on mucous membranes as well as skin - VZV
90
What is herpes zoster and what virus is it associated with?
Singles - erythematous base with small, closely-spaced lesions which rarely cross the midline, painful and can even cause devitalization of teeth or root resorption - VZV reactivated
91
What virus is associated with devitalization of teeth and root resorption?
VZV - seen in herpes zoster (shingles) patients
92
What virus is associated with postherpetic neuralgia?
VZV - Complication of shingles
93
What is postherpetic neuralgia?
Chronic pain syndrome affecting the nerve fibers and skin (usually where it first occurred)
94
What virus is herpes zoster opthalmicus associated with?
VZV - shingles
95
What is herpes zoster opthalmicus?
Ocular complications ranging from involvement of the lid, persistent conjunctivitis, keratouveitis, glaucoma, papillitis, occular nerve palsy and deep ocular pain.
96
How is VZV diagnosed?
Observation, examining giant cells under scope, VZV specific antigens via immunofluorescent techniques and ELISA
97
What are the treatments for VZV?
Usually let it run its course
98
Are there any vaccines for VZV?
Chickenpox - Varivax, ProQuad (MMRV vaccine), Acyclovir, Valacyclovir and Famcyclovir (VZIg is give to nonimmune pregnant women who have been exposed)
Shingles - Zostavax
99
What is EBV?
Epstein-Barr virus
100
What is EBV the common name for?
Lymphocryptovirus
101
What virus is spread via saliva and causes kissing disease?
EBV
102
What virus infects B cells?
EBV
103
What occurs when a person is infected with EBV?
Swollen lymph glands, spleen and liver due to the build up of T cells that have been activated due to the destroying of the B cells
104
Teenagers and adults are at risk for what when infected with EBV? What about immunocompromised individuals?
Teenagers/adults - mononucleosis (mono)
| Immunocompromised - neoplastic disease
105
What is infectious mononucleosis?
Glandular fever - fatigue, high fever, malaise, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly.
106
What virus causes infectious mononucleosis?
EBV
107
What is the main cause (79%) of mononucleosis?
EBV
108
What virus is associated with hairy oral leukoplakia?
EBV
109
What is hairy oral leukoplakia?
White lesions in the mouth usually on the lateral boarder of the tongue - usually in immunocompromised patients
110
What virus is African burkitt's lymphoma associated with?
EBV
111
What is African Burkitt's Lymphoma?
Endemic lymphoma - B cell cancer of the jaw and face - found in the malarial regions of africa.
112
What virus is Hodgkin's lymphoma associated iwth?
EBV
113
What is Hodgkin's lymphoma?
Maalignancy of the lymph tissue found in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
114
What is Nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
Cancer that occurs in nasopharynx - rare in US but found in Orient
115
What virus is nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with?
EBV
116
What virus causes follicular conjunctivitis, epithelial keratitis, and stromal keratitis?
EBV
117
What is easily seen to diagnose EBV?
Large, lobed, B lymphocytes with atypical nuclei and neutropenia - early indications
118
What tests can be used to determine if someone has EBV?
Immunofluorescent microscopy or ELISA
119
What are the treatments/ vaccinations for EBV?
There are none - NO vaccine - steroids may be considered for those with severe symptoms
120
What is CMV?
Cytomegalovirus
121
What virus has been a problem for patients following solid-organ transplant for AIDS patients?
CMV
122
What virus has the largest genome of the HHVs?
CMV
123
What virus is the most common viral cause of congenital birth defects?
CMV
124
What is the most common opportunistic pathogen in the immunocompromised?
CMV
125
What virus is a major cause of blindness and death in patients with AIDS?
CMV
126
What virus is the leading cause of inner ear hearing loss and nervous system damage in children in the US?
CMV
127
What virus causes the other ~21% of cases of infectous mononucleosis?
CMV
128
What type of nucleic acids does CMV have?
genome - DNA
| In virion - RNA (contained)
129
How does CMV escape immune detection and killing?
It prevents antigen presentation to T cells by interfering with MHC Class I and II molecules in infected cells. A viral protein also prevents killing of the infected cell by NK cells
130
How can CMV be transmitted?
Saliva, tears, urine, stool, semen, breast milk, etc.
131
What is CMV sialadentis?
Bilateral swelling of the salivary glands - quite painful
132
What virus is associated with sialadentis?
CMV
133
What is the most common opportunistic ocular infection?
CMV
134
What causes hemorrhagic necrotizing retinitis?
CMV
135
What virus gives a telltale infection of "Owl's eye"?
CMV
136
What is used to diagnose CMV?
Immunofluorescence, Indirect ELISA, and visualizaiton of Owls eyes.
137
What is used in the treatment of CMV?
Ganciclovir (aggressive CMV retinitis) - only given to AIDS patients because it is quite toxic
Implant into eye with drugs other than ganciclovir
138
What is Roseola?
Rapid onset of high fever followed by faint maculopapular rash over neck, trunk, and buttocks.
139
What viruses cause Roseola?
HHV6 & HHV7
140
Is was found that Kaposi's sarcomas housed what virus and what are they?
HHV8 - rare type of B-cell lymphoma from AIDS patients - appear as red, purple, or dusty patches and may mimic an amalgam tatoo on the gums or hard palate
141
There is a high incident of what among homosexual men with AIDS in comparison to hemophiliacs, transfusion recipients, or IV drug users with aids?
Kaposi's sarcomas
142
Patients with red, purple, or dusty patches and may mimic amalgam tatoo on the gums or hard palate have what disease and what virus?
Kaposi's sarcoma - HHV8
143
What virus is common in summer months and there is often an increase in the infections after children return to schools?
Coxsackie A virus
144
What virus is spread easily among school aged children due to the close contact?
Coxsackie A virus
145
What virus causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD)?
Coxsackie A virus
146
What is HFMD?
Causes painful red blisters on the throat, tongue, gums, hard palate, inside of cheeks, and the palms and soles of feet
147
What virus causes herpangina?
Coxsackie A virus
148
What is herpangina?
Throat infection that causes a very sore throat characterized by red-ringed blisters and ulcers on the tonsils and soft palate
149
About 90% of aseptic meningitis (non-bacterial) is caused by what virus?
Coxsackie A & B viruses and echoviruses
150
What virus causes hemorrhagic conjunctivitis?
Coxsackie A virus
151
What is hemorrhagic conjunctivitis?
Eye pain, followed quickly by red, watery eyes with swelling, light sensitivity and blurred vision. Its extremely contagious
152
What is the treatment for Coxsackie A virus?
Pain relievers may be used, bed rest, fluids, cleaning of all things with soap and water followed by chlorine-containing bleach.
153
What virus is segmented?
Influenzavirus
154
What two important glycoproteins does influenza have?
HA - Hemagglutinin
| NA - Neuraminidase
155
What does hemagglutinin (HA) do?
It anchors the virus to the cell by binding to sialic residues on the surface.
156
What does neuraminidase (NA) do?
It enzymatically cleaves the sialic acid from the cell surface, allowing the release of the newly formed virion.
157
What is antigenic drift?
Takes place over years and results in the regular flu epidemics that occur (slow process)
158
What is antigenic shift?
Reassortment of two different strains of influenza A virus that are both in the same cell (Ex: avian and human flu are in birds and reassort and then the bird come into contact with handler and passes it on)
159
What are some complications associated with influenza?
Bacterial pneumonia, myositis and Reye's syndrome
160
Most death associated with influenza are actually the result of what?
Secondary bacterial pneumonia
161
What is Reye's syndrome?
Rare complication associated with viral respiratory disease. It usually affects children and infants
162
How would you diagnose Influenza?
Immunofluorescence or hemadsorption inhibition with specific antibodies
163
What are the different treatments used for influenza?
Oral prophylaxis - Amantadine & Ramantadine (target M2 protein - Also H1N1 and H5N1 are resistant to these drugs) - OLD PPL
Oseltamivir and Zanamivir - for ADULTS and inhibits NA but must be taken within 48 hours of symptoms (Oseltamivir is best bc nothing is resistant to it yet.)
Flu Shot -trivalent vaccine
164
What is RSV?
Respiratory syncytial virus
165
What is the most common cause of fatal acute respiratory tract infections in young children and infants?
RSV
166
What virus infects everyone by the age of 2?
RSV
167
RSV is different from other paramyxoviruses - why?
It lacks HA and NA activities
168
What virus causes plugs of mucus, fibrin, and necrotic material in small airways which can lead to obstruction?
RSV
169
Do maternal antibodies of RSV protect the infant?
NO
170
Does natural infection prevent reinfection for RSV?
NO
171
What are the clinical syndromes associated with RSV?
Broncholitis & pneumonia in children under 1
Pharyngitis and rhinitis in children over 1
Common cold in adults and older children
172
What diagnosis is used for RSV?
RT-PCR, Immunofluorescence, or ELISA
173
What is used to treat and prevent RSV?
Ribavirin - off-label protocol for infants with serious disease (otherwise give oxygen, IV or nebulized cold streams to infants)
RSV-IGIV - hyperimmune globulin from humans
RSV-MAb - monoclonal antibody specific for RSV
174
What virus is also known as Morbillivirus?
Measles
