Bonding

Question 1

3 Types of Bonds

Answer 1

Covalent
Ionic
Metallic

Question 2

Covalent Bonds

Answer 2

Share electrons
Can be solid, liquid, or gas
Solid form is brittle
Low melting point
Stronger than ionic bonds
Insulators
Called molecules
Can be polar OR pure
Create molecular shapes
Names use prefixes

Nonmetal – Nonmetal

Question 3

Ionic Bonding

Answer 3

Gain / lose electrons (exchange is permanent)
Brittle solids
High melting points
Held together by electrostatic forces (weak)
Insulators, however they become conductors when melted or dissolved
Called formula units
Form crystal lattices (repeating patterns)
No prefixes
Use charges

Metal – Nonmetal

Question 4

Metallic Bonding

Answer 4

Crystalline structures
Melting points vary
Conductors
Malleable (“Sea of Delocalized Valence Electrons”)
Want to lose an electron (octet)

Question 5

Crystalline Lattice Structure

Answer 5

A structure made of 2 or more types of ions
Cube shaped

Sodium (+1) Chloride (-1) Crystal:

Na Cl Na
Cl Na Cl
Na Cl Na

Question 6

SEA of Delocalized Electrons

Answer 6

Metal atoms are held together by electrons that are free to move around in the spaces between atoms
Explains why metals are so malleable (electrons act like glue)
Explains why metals make good conductors

Question 7

Polar Vs. Pure (Nonpolar)

Answer 7

Molecules can be polar if…
1. The central atom has 1 or more lone pairs
2. The bonding atoms have different electronegativity

Question 8

Electronegativity

Answer 8

The want for a shared pair of electrons

Question 9

2 Atoms with Different Electronegativity

Answer 9

Electrons are shared unequally
The higher the electronegativity the greater the pull on electrons

This is a polar covalent bond

Like a tug of war for the electrons in the electrons cloud

Question 10

2 Atoms with Same Electronegativity

Answer 10

Electrons are shared equally
This is a nonpolar covalent bond

Question 11

Ionic Bonds (Electronegativity)

Answer 11

One atom removes the electron from the other atom
Pulls so strong it is removed

Question 12

Difference in Electronegativity

Answer 12

0.0 –> 0.4 = Nonpolar Covalent
0.5 –> 1.6 = Polar Covalent
1.7 and above = Ionic

If you subtract the two electronegativity together these are the #s of difference NOT the electronegativity #s.

Question 13

V.S.E.P.R. Theory

Answer 13

V - Valence
S - Shell
E - Electron
P - Pair
R - Repulsion

Gives shapes to molecules based on shared and lone pairs of electrons
Electrons repel each other, lone pairs of electrons repel the most

Question 14

Linear (2 atoms)

Answer 14

Diatomics, and binary compounds
2 atoms
Ex. H2, Cl2, etc.

Model = O-O

Question 15

Linear (3 atoms)

Answer 15

2 bonding atoms
0 lone pairs
3 atoms overall
180* bond angle
Ex. CO2, BeCl2, etc.

Model = O-o-O

Question 16

Bent

Answer 16

2 bonding atoms
2 lone pairs
3 atoms overall
104.5* bond angle
Ex. H2O, SO2, etc.

                . . Model =  O-o-O
                . .

Question 17

Trigonal Planar

Answer 17

3 bonding atoms
0 lone pairs
4 atoms overall
120* bond angle
Ex. SO3, BCl3, etc.

                O Model =  O-o-O

Question 18

Trigonal Pyramidal

Answer 18

3 bonding atoms
1 lone pair
4 atoms overall
107* bond angle
Ex. NH3, etc.

             . . Model =   o-O
           O  O

Question 19

Tetrahydral

Answer 19

4 bonding atoms
0 lone pairs
5 atoms overall
109.5* bond angle
Ex. CH4, etc.

               O Model = O-o-O
               O

Question 20

Octahedral

Answer 20

Exception to the octet rule
6 bonding atoms
0 lone pairs
7 atoms overall
90* bond angle
Ex. SF6, etc.

          O O  O Model =    o
           O  O O

Question 21

Domains

Answer 21

Electron Domains:
Lone pairs of electrons AND bonded atoms on the central atom ONLY!

                    . . Ex. (water) H-O-H  = 4 domains
                    . .

Each bond (-) is a domain, and each lone pair (. .) is as well. Water has 4 domains because it has 2 pairs of lone pairs and 2 bonds.

Question 22

Hybridization of CENTRAL Atom

Answer 22

2 domains = sp
3 domains = sp2
4 domains = sp3
5 domains = sp3d
6 domains = sp3d2