Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter

Question 1

What are the three states of matter?

Answer 1

Solid, Liquid or gas

Question 2

Describe a solid?

Answer 2

Fixed shape and volume, cannot be compressed.

Question 3

Describe a liquid>

Answer 3

Liquids have a fixed volume but can flow and change their shape.

Question 4

Describe a gas?

Answer 4

no fixed shape of volume and can be compressed easily

Question 5

Describe the particles movement and distance from another in a solid?>

Answer 5

Particles in a solid are touching each other, in a fixed arrangement. they cannot move around but they do vibrate around their fixed positions.

Question 6

Describe the particles movement and distance from another in a liquid.

Answer 6

Particles in a liquid are very close together but they can move past each other. Results in a constantly changing random arrangement of particles.

Question 7

Describe the particles movement and distance from another in a solid?

Answer 7

Particles in a gas have on average much more space between them. They can move around at high speeds in any direction. They have random arrangement.

Question 8

The pressure of a gas is caused by

Answer 8

particles colliding with the sides of the container, and the more frequent and energetic the collisions, the higher the pressure of the gas.

Question 9

A solid turns into a liquid at its … point

Answer 9

melting

Question 10

The hotter a solid is, the …. the particles vibrate.

Answer 10

faster

Question 11

How does a solid become a liquid?

Answer 11

As the temperature increases, the particles begin to vibrate faster around their fixed positions. eventually the vibrations will become very strong that it will break free from neighboring particles. At this point the solid starts to melt and become a liquid.

Question 12

A liquid becomes into a gas at its … point

Answer 12

boiling

Question 13

Each change of state is …. meaning they are physical changes

Answer 13

reversible

Question 14

Substances with higher melting points and boiling points have …. forces operating between their particles.

Answer 14

stronger

Question 15

Energy transfers during changes of state. Explain the heating curve of a solid.

Answer 15

The temperature rises until the solids melting point. Then the temperature is constant until all the solid has melted. At its melting point enough energy is transferred from the surroundings to the solid for the forces to break. Enabling the particles to break. Once all solid has melted the transfer of energy from surroundings to the substance caused the temperature of the liquid to rise.

Question 16

How can changes of state occur (condensing and freezing)

Answer 16

by cooling.

Question 17

Explain how state can change with cooling.

Answer 17

Particles become closer together forming new particles, changing state.

Question 18

What is a compound>

Answer 18

When atoms of two or more elements react chemically

Question 19

What are ions?

Answer 19

When atoms either lose of gain electrons to formed charged particles.

Question 20

What is a stable electronic structure?

Answer 20

One with a full outer shell

Question 21

When non-metals react with metals, the non metals …. electrons to achieve the …

Answer 21

gain electrons to achieve the stable electronic structure.

Question 22

If the atoms gains a electrons it becomes negatively charged because

Answer 22

there is one more negative electron than positive protons in the nucleas

Question 23

When do ionic compounds form?

Answer 23

When metals react with non metals. Metals form positive ions and the non metals form negative ions.

Question 24

What happens when a group 1 element reacts with a group 7 element.

Answer 24

We know group 1 have 1 electron on their outer most shell. They have to lose that and give that to group 7 which has 7 electrons in their outermost shell. Group 1 will become positively charged and group 7 will be negatively charged. They will have a stable electronic structire.

Question 25

Show for each group what atoms form

Answer 25

group 1 - 1+
group 2 - 2+
group 3 - 3+
Group 5 - 3-
Group 6 - 2-
Group 7 - 1-
Group 0 = do not frm ions

Question 26

it takes ….. of energy to break up a giant ionic lattice because

Answer 26

alot, because there are lots of strong ionic bonds to break

Question 27

to separate the ions you have to overcome all those

Answer 27

electrostatic forces of attraction

Question 28

What is the structure of an ionic solid -

Answer 28

Ions are fixed in positions in a giant lattice. They vibrate but cannot move around. It does not conduct electricity.

Question 29

What is the structure of an molten ionic compound?

Answer 29

High temperatures provides enough energy to overcome attractive forces. Ions are free to move around. Does conduct electricity.

Question 30

What is the structure of an ionic compound in solution ?

Answer 30

Water molecules separate ions from the lattice. Ions are free to move around within the solution. Can conduct.

Question 31

What is covalent bonding?

Answer 31

Covalent bonding is when non metals react together, and their atoms share pairs of electrons to form molecules.

Question 32

Explain the covalent bonds of oxygen atoms.

Answer 32

Oxygen atoms have 6 electrons in their outer most shell, and to make them have the same, they make a double covalent bond. 2 electrons is shared within both to make 8 electrons.

Question 33

Substances made up of simple molecules have … points and ….. points

Answer 33

low melting and low boiling

Question 34

What are polymers?

Answer 34

Long chains of repeating units

Question 35

Instead of drawing out a long polymer molecule, you can draw

Answer 35

repeating sections called the reapeating unit.

Question 36

How to find the molecular formula of a polymer?

Answer 36

write down the molecular formula of the repeating unit in brackets and put an n outside,

Question 37

in giant covalent structures,

Answer 37

all the atoms are bonded to each other by strong covalent bonds.

Question 38

Why do giant covalent bonds have high melting and boiling points?

Answer 38

as lots of energy is need to break the covalent bonds between the atoms.

Question 39

Diamond structure -

Answer 39

hard, giant covalent structure made up of carbon atoms that each form four covalent bonds. it doesn’t conduct electricity because it has no free electrons or ions.

Question 40

Graphite structure -

Answer 40

Each carbon atom only forms three covalent bonds creating sheets of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons. no covalent bonds between the layers, so they are held together weakly. free to move over each other. soft and slippery, used for lubricating.

Question 41

What are allotropes?

Answer 41

Allotropes are just different structural forms of the same element in the same physical state.

Question 42

Only three out of each carbons four outer electrons are used in bonds so each carbon atom has one electron that is

Answer 42

delocalised (free and can move)

Question 43

Graphene structure?

Answer 43

One layer of Graphite, sheet of carbon atoms joined together in hexagons. one atom thick, strong and light, delocalized electrons so can conduct electricity

Question 44

What are fullerenes-

Answer 44

molecules of carbon, shaped like closed tubes and hollow balls

Question 45

How are fullerenes arranged?

Answer 45

in hexagons,