Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter

Question 1

Answer 1

2 marks: Sodium ion loses one electron
1 mark: From the outer shell

Question 2

Answer 2

2 marks: has one extra electron than protons

Question 3

Chlorine ions are strongly attatched to sodium ions in sodium chloride.
Explain why (1 mark)

Answer 3

1 mark: Oppositely charged ions attact each other

Question 4

All group 7 elements can produce ions. What is the charge on the ions produced by the group 7 elements?
(1 mark)

Answer 4

1 mark: 1-
(be safe, don’t just say ‘negative’)

Question 5

Answer 5

1 mark: Sodium ions have a single positive charge and chloride ions have a single negative charge
1 mark: Ions with opposite charge are attracted
1 mark: ositive and negative ions arevarranged alternatively

Question 6

Answer 6

Question 7

Answer 7

Covalent

Question 8

The word equation for the reaction of hydrogen with chlorine is shown below.
hydrogen + chlorine –> hydrogen chloride
Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction.

Answer 8

H2 + Cl2 –> 2HCl

Question 9

One of the gases present in the atmoshphere is water vapour. Describe the bonding in this compound. You must include electronic structures in your explanation. (4 marks).

Answer 9

1 mark: Outer electronic structure of oxygen has 6 electrons in outer shell
1 mark: Outer electronic structure of hydrogen has 1 electron
1 mark: Two shared pairs of electrons as covalent bond
1 mark: Each atom now has a full outer shell/noble gas electron structure

(exam tip: use diagram to help with explanation)

Question 10

Lithium is a metal from Group 1 in the periodic table. Chlorine is a non-metal from Group 7 that eists as a gas at room temperature.
Lithium can react with chlorine to produce lithium chloride.
Lithium and chlorine are described as elements.
Explain why (1 mark)

Answer 10

1 mark: Only contain one type of atom

Question 11

Lithium is a metal from Group 1 in the periodic table. Chlorine is a non-metal from Group 7 that eists as a gas at room temperature.
Lithium can react with chlorine to produce lihium chloride.
Write a word equation for the reaction of lithium with chloride. (2 marks)

Answer 11

Lithium + Chlorine –> Lithium chloride

Question 12

Lithium is a metal from Group 1 in the periodic table. Chlorine is a non-metal from Group 7 that eists as a gas at room temperature.
Lithium can react with chlorine to produce lihium chloride.
Describe how bonding occurs between lithium and chlorine. (4 marks)

Answer 12

1 mark: Lithium loses an electron
1 mark: to produce a positive ion
1 mark: Chlorine gains an electron
1 mark: to produce negative ion
1 mark: ionic bond

Question 13

Answer 13

Question 14

Methane gas ismade of molecules.
WHat is a moleule? 2 marks

Answer 14

1 mark: two or more atoms
1 mark: chemically joined
1 mark: with covalent bonds

Question 15

Answer 15

1 mark: sodium ion
1 mark: chloride ion

Question 16

Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity.
Explain why. (1 mark)

Answer 16

1 mark: ions cannot move

Question 17

Sodium chloride has a high melting point.
Explain why (2 marks)

Answer 17

1 mark: Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between ions
1 mark:Lots of energy required to overcome them

Question 18

Answer 18

Structure:
1 mark: Giant structure
1 mark: Covalent bonds
1 mark: Strong bonds, difficult to break
Explanation:
1 mark: High melting point
1 mark: Lots of energy needed to break bonds
1 mark: Does not burn or react with oxygen

Question 19

Diamond is much harder than graphite. Graphite can conduct electricity but diamond cannot.
Explain why. (6 marks)

Answer 19

1 mark: Layers of carbon atoms in graphite can slide
1 mark: because only weak intermolecular forces between layers
1 mark: In diamond each carbon atom is strongly bonded to 4 others
1 mark: so no carbon atoms are able to slide

1 mark: Graphite has delocalised electrons, that can carry charge through structure
1 mark: Diamond has no delocalised electrons

Question 20

Explain why copper (metal) can be easily shaped.
2 marks

Answer 20

1 mark: Atoms arranged in layers
1 mark: layers can slide over each other

Question 21

Explain why alloys are often arder than pure metals.
2 marks

Answer 21

1 mark: Layers are distorted
1 mark: More diffcult for layers to slide over each other

Question 22

Explain why copper (metal) is a good conductor of electricity.
3 marks

Answer 22

1 mark: Delocalsed electrons
1 mark: in outer shell of the atoms
1 mark: which are free to move through the structure

Question 23

What are nanoparticles?
2 marks

Answer 23

1 mark: Very tiny particles
1 mark: A few hundred atoms in size

Question 24

Answer 24

1 mark: Have large surface area
1 mark: Less catalyst needed
1 mark: Catalyst can be reused