Bonding, structure and properties of matter

Question 1

What occurs between metals and non-metals?

Answer 1

Ionic Bonding

Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons.

Question 2

What is the result of metals losing electrons in ionic bonding?

Answer 2

Formation of positively charged ions (cations)

Metals lose electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.

Question 3

What do non-metals do in ionic bonding?

Answer 3

Gain electrons to form negatively charged ions (anions)

Non-metals gain electrons to achieve a full outer shell.

Question 4

What holds oppositely charged ions together in ionic bonding?

Answer 4

Strong electrostatic forces of attraction

This creates an ionic bond.

Question 5

Give an example of ionic bonding.

Answer 5

Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Sodium gives away an electron to chlorine, forming Na⁺ and Cl⁻.

Question 6

What occurs between non-metals in covalent bonding?

Answer 6

Electron sharing

Atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve stability.

Question 7

What do covalent bonds form between?

Answer 7

Non-metals

Covalent bonding is characterized by shared electrons.

Question 8

What is a molecule?

Answer 8

A bond formed between atoms by shared electrons

Molecules are created through covalent bonding.

Question 9

Provide an example of a covalent compound.

Answer 9

Water (H₂O)

Two hydrogen atoms share electrons with one oxygen atom.

Question 10

What occurs between metal atoms in metallic bonding?

Answer 10

Formation of a sea of delocalized electrons

This allows for free movement of electrons.

Question 11

What properties do metals exhibit due to metallic bonding?

Answer 11

Conductivity, malleability, and ductility

These properties arise from the delocalized electrons.

Question 12

Give an example of a metal with good conductivity.

Answer 12

Copper (Cu)

Copper’s delocalized electrons make it an excellent conductor.

Question 13

Describe the structure of ionic compounds.

Answer 13

Giant lattice structures

Each ion is surrounded by oppositely charged ions.

Question 14

What are the properties of ionic compounds?

Answer 14

High melting and boiling points; conduct electricity when molten or dissolved

Strong ionic bonds account for these properties.

Question 15

Describe the structure of covalent compounds.

Answer 15

Formed with covalent bonds, may create giant structures

Examples include diamond and graphite.

Question 16

What are the properties of covalent compounds?

Answer 16

Low melting and boiling points; do not conduct electricity (unless acids)

Weak intermolecular forces lead to these properties.

Question 17

What is the structure of metals?

Answer 17

Giant metallic lattice

Metal ions are surrounded by a sea of delocalized electrons.

Question 18

What defines simple molecular substances?

Answer 18

Small molecules held together by covalent bonds

Examples include H₂, Cl₂, and CH₄.

Question 19

What are the properties of simple molecular substances?

Answer 19

Low melting and boiling points; do not conduct electricity

Weak intermolecular forces result in these properties.

Question 20

How do melting and boiling points vary among different types of compounds?

Answer 20

Determined by the type of bonding and structure

Ionic compounds have high points, covalent low, and metals high.

Question 21

When do ionic compounds conduct electricity?

Answer 21

Only when molten or dissolved in water

Ions must be free to move for conductivity.

Question 22

What is the solubility of ionic compounds in water?

Answer 22

Often soluble

Water molecules can surround and separate the ions.

Question 23

What is a characteristic of covalent compounds’ solubility?

Answer 23

Depends on the substance

Non-polar compounds typically do not dissolve in water.

Question 24

What defines giant covalent structures?

Answer 24

Examples include diamond, graphite, silicon dioxide (SiO₂)

They have very high melting and boiling points.

Question 25

What are the properties of giant covalent structures?

Answer 25

Very high melting and boiling points; do not conduct electricity (except graphite) ## Footnote Hard and rigid due to strong covalent bonds.

Question 26

What are nanoparticles?

Answer 26

Extremely small particles, 1-100 nanometers in size ## Footnote They exhibit unique properties due to their size.

Question 27

What is a property of nanoparticles?

Answer 27

High surface area to volume ratio ## Footnote This makes them highly reactive.

Question 28

Name an application of nanoparticles.

Answer 28

Used in drug delivery, electronics, and catalysis ## Footnote Silver nanoparticles are used in antibacterial coatings.

Question 29

What is the summary of ionic bonds?

Answer 29

Form when electrons are transferred between metals and non-metals, creating charged ions ## Footnote This process results in strong ionic bonds.

Question 30

What is the summary of covalent bonds?

Answer 30

Form when non-metals share electrons to achieve a stable electron arrangement ## Footnote This sharing creates molecules.

Question 31

What is the summary of metallic bonds?

Answer 31

Form between metal atoms where electrons move freely ## Footnote This gives metals their unique properties.

Question 32

How does structure influence properties?

Answer 32

The type of bonding and structure determine properties such as conductivity, melting point, and hardness ## Footnote Different materials exhibit different characteristics based on their structure.

Question 33

What unique properties do nanoparticles possess?

Answer 33

Due to their small size and large surface area ## Footnote These properties enable various applications in technology and medicine.