Bonding, Structure And Properties Of Matter

Question 1

What are ions?

Answer 1

Ions are charged particles that can be single atoms or groups of atoms.

Question 2

How are ions formed?

Answer 2

Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.

Question 3

What do atoms aim for when forming ions?

Answer 3

Atoms aim for a stable electronic structure, similar to noble gases.

Question 4

What happens when metals form ions?

Answer 4

Metals lose electrons from their outer shell to form positive ions (cations).

Question 5

What is the charge of a positive ion formed by losing 2 electrons?

Answer 5

2+.

Question 6

What happens when non-metals form ions?

Answer 6

Non-metals gain electrons into their outer shell to form negative ions (anions).

Question 7

Which groups of elements are most likely to form ions?

Answer 7

Groups 1, 2, 6, and 7.

Question 8

What charge do Group I elements form?

Answer 8

1+ ions.

Question 9

How do Group 2 elements form ions?

Answer 9

They lose 2 electrons to form 2+ ions.

Question 10

What do Group 6 elements form?

Answer 10

They gain electrons to form 2- ions.

Question 11

What do Group 7 elements form?

Answer 11

They gain electrons to form 1- ions.

Question 12

What does the number of electrons lost or gained equal?

Answer 12

The charge on the ion.

Question 13

What is the electronic structure of sodium ion (Na+)?

Answer 13

The same as neon.

Question 14

Complete the statement: A magnesium atom (Mg) in Group 2 loses ___ electrons to form a magnesium ion (Mg2+).

Answer 14

2.

Question 15

What is the electronic structure of chloride ion (Cl-)?

Answer 15

The same as argon.

Question 16

What is the electronic structure of oxide ion (O2-)?

Answer 16

The same as neon.

Question 17

True or False: Elements in the same group have the same number of outer electrons.

Answer 17

True.

Question 18

Fill in the blank: Ions are charged particles that can be formed by _____ or gaining electrons.

Answer 18

losing.

Question 19

What is ionic bonding?

Answer 19

Transfer of electrons between a metal and a non-metal

The metal loses electrons to form a positively charged ion, while the non-metal gains electrons to form a negatively charged ion.

Question 20

What type of attraction forms an ionic bond?

Answer 20

Electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions

These forces hold the ionic compound together.

Question 21

What happens to a sodium atom during ionic bonding?

Answer 21

It gives up its outer electron, becoming a Na+ ion

This process occurs when sodium reacts with a non-metal.

Question 22

What does a chlorine atom become after gaining an electron?

Answer 22

Cl- (chloride) ion

Chlorine gains an electron from a metal atom during ionic bonding.

Question 23

What do dot and cross diagrams represent?

Answer 23

The arrangement of electrons in an atom or ion

Dots and crosses indicate which atom the electrons originally came from.

Question 24

In sodium chloride (NaCl), what do the dots and crosses represent?

Answer 24

Dots represent Na electrons; crosses represent Cl electrons

This helps visualize the transfer of electrons.

Question 25

What happens to a magnesium atom in ionic bonding?

Answer 25

It gives up its two outer electrons, becoming an Mg2+ ion ## Footnote This occurs when magnesium reacts with a non-metal.

Question 26

What does an oxygen atom become after gaining electrons?

Answer 26

O2- (oxide) ion ## Footnote Oxygen gains two electrons from a metal atom during ionic bonding.

Question 27

How many electrons do two sodium atoms give up in sodium oxide (Na2O)?

Answer 27

Two electrons ## Footnote Each sodium atom gives up one electron.

Question 28

Fill in the blank: The magnesium atom gives up its two outer electrons, becoming an _______.

Answer 28

Mg2+ ion ## Footnote This is part of the ionic bonding process.

Question 29

What is the electron configuration of a sodium ion (Na+)?

Answer 29

2, 8 ## Footnote This indicates that sodium loses its outer electron.

Question 30

What is the electron configuration of a chloride ion (Cl-)?

Answer 30

2, 8, 8 ## Footnote This indicates that chlorine gains one electron.

Question 31

True or False: Dot and cross diagrams show the structure of the ionic compound.

Answer 31

False ## Footnote They do not show the size of the ions or how they are arranged.

Question 32

What is the charge of a magnesium ion after ionic bonding?

Answer 32

2+ ## Footnote This charge results from losing two electrons.

Question 33

What can you determine about an atom's electrons based on its group number?

Answer 33

How many electrons it will gain or lose ## Footnote This is useful for predicting ionic bonding behavior.

Question 34

What structure do ionic compounds have?

Answer 34

Ionic compounds have a giant ionic lattice structure ## Footnote This structure involves a regular arrangement of ions held together by strong electrostatic forces.

Question 35

What is the arrangement of ions in a giant ionic lattice?

Answer 35

The ions form a closely packed regular lattice arrangement ## Footnote This arrangement involves strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Question 36

What can a single crystal of sodium chloride be described as?

Answer 36

A single crystal of sodium chloride is one giant ionic lattice ## Footnote In this lattice, Na+ and Cl- ions are arranged in a regular pattern.

Question 37

What happens to ionic compounds when they melt?

Answer 37

The ions are free to move and can carry electric charge ## Footnote This is in contrast to solid ionic compounds where ions are held in place.

Question 38

What are the properties of ionic compounds?

Answer 38

Ionic compounds have high melting points and high boiling points ## Footnote These properties are due to the strong bonds between ions.

Question 39

What is the reason ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity in solid form?

Answer 39

In solid form, the ions are held in place ## Footnote Movement of ions is necessary for the conduction of electricity.

Question 40

What occurs when some ionic compounds dissolve in water?

Answer 40

The ions separate and are free to move in the solution ## Footnote This movement allows ionic compounds to conduct electricity in solution.

Question 41

True or False: Ionic compounds have low melting points.

Answer 41

False ## Footnote Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points due to strong ionic bonds.

Question 42

Fill in the blank: Ionic compounds are held together by ______ forces.

Answer 42

electrostatic ## Footnote These forces occur between oppositely charged ions.

Question 43

What does the ball and stick model represent in ionic compounds?

Answer 43

It shows the regular pattern of a crystal and ion arrangement ## Footnote This model also suggests that the crystal extends beyond what is shown in the diagram.

Question 44

What types of atoms form covalent bonds

Answer 44

Non metals

Question 45

What is shared in covalent bonding

Answer 45

Pairs of electrons

Question 46

What is a polymer

Answer 46

Small units linked together to form a long molecule

Question 47

What is a giant covalent structure

Answer 47

Structures where all the atoms are bonded to eachother by strong covalent bonds

Question 48

Why doesn't diamond conduct electricity

Answer 48

It has no free electrons or ions

Question 49

Why can graphite conduct electricity

Answer 49

Only 3 of 4 electrons are used in bonds so 1 is delocalised and can move

Question 50

What allows something to be able to conduct electricity

Answer 50

Delocalised electrons

Question 51

What are fullerenes

Answer 51

Molecules of carbon shaped like closed tubes or hollow balls

Question 52

What is a Buckminster fullerene

Answer 52

C60

Question 53

How do you work out surface are to volume ratio

Answer 53

Surface area ÷ volume

Question 54

What can nanoparticles be used for

Answer 54

1. Make new catalysts 2. Nano medicine 3. Electric circuits 4. Antibacterial properties

Question 55

Why are nanoparticles used in sun cream

Answer 55

1. Protect skin from UV rays 2. Better skin coverage