Bone

Question 1

What are the primary functions of bone tissue?

Answer 1

1. Support the body
2. Storage of minerals
3. Protection of visceral structures
4. Locomotion
5. Hematopoeisis

Question 2

The area between the epiphysis and diaphysis is called?

Answer 2

Metaphysis

Question 3

What are the primary growth centers of a long bone?

Answer 3

Diaphysis & metaphysis

Question 4

What are the secondary growth centers of a long bone?

Answer 4

Epiphysis & apophysis

Question 5

What is the MOST metabolically active part of a long bone?

Answer 5

metaphysis

Question 6

The diaphysis of a long bone is metabolically ____

Answer 6

inactive

Question 7

The epiphysis of a long bone is metabolically ____

Answer 7

active (less)

Question 8

The hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone is called?

Answer 8

Cortical bone

Question 9

The inner, spongy layer of bone is called?

Answer 9

Trabecular bone (AKA cancellous bone)

Question 10

The cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow is called?

Answer 10

Medullary cavity

Question 11

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.

Answer 11

Periosteum

Question 12

The inner membrane layer separating the marrow cavity and the cortical bone is called?

Answer 12

Endosteum

Question 13

What percentage of bone is composed of organic material?

Answer 13

30%

Question 14

What percentage of bone is composed of inorganic material?

Answer 14

60%

Question 15

What is the primary organic component in bone tissue?

Answer 15

Type I collagen

Question 16

What is the function of the organic material in bone tissue?

Answer 16

Adds tensile strength to bone tissue (makes it more elastic)

Question 17

What is the primary inorganic component in bone tissue?

Answer 17

Hydroxyapatite

Question 18

What is the function of the inorganic material in bone?

Answer 18

Adds more rigidity to bone tissue (allows for more compressive strength)

Question 19

What byproducts are made from osteoblastic activity?

Answer 19

Alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin

Question 20

What bone cell is found in the marrow and periosteum and can develop into osteocytes or osteoblasts?

Answer 20

osteoprogenitor cell

Question 21

What bone cell is an osteoblast embedded in bone matrix (lacunae) that maintains bone tissues?

Answer 21

osteocyte

Question 22

What type of bone cell is responsible for producing and mineralizing bone tissue?

Answer 22

Osteoblasts

Question 23

What bone cell ultimately controls the differentiation and maturation of osteoclasts?

Answer 23

osteoblast (production of RANKL)

Question 24

What type of bone cell is responsible for the resorption of bone?

Answer 24

Osteoclasts

Question 25

What bone cell comes from the monocyte/macrophage cell family?

Answer 25

osteoclast

Question 26

What is the ratio of organic to inorganic material of bone in children? What are the properties of this bone?

Answer 26

1:1 plastic, flexible

Question 27

What is the ratio of organic to inorganic material of bone in adults? What are the properties of this bone?

Answer 27

1:4 rigid

Question 28

What is the ratio of organic to inorganic material of bone in elderly? What are the properties of this bone?

Answer 28

1:7 ^rigid, fragile

Question 29

What part of the stress-strain curve is characterized by bone being able to deform in response to stress and returning to original shape when the stress is removed?

Answer 29

Elastic Phase

Question 30

What part of the stress-strain curve is characterized by the deformation of bone in response to stress, but will retain the permanent shape of deformation?

Answer 30

Plastic Phase

Question 31

What part of the stress-strain curve is where the elastic phase changes to the plastic phase?

Answer 31

Yield Point

Question 32

What part of the stress-strain curve is characterized by the failure of bone under stress?

Answer 32

Ultimate Yield Point

Question 33

How do the stress strain curves of compact versus spongy bone compare?

Answer 33

- spongy (trabecular) bone has a greater plastic phase, more gradual slope - compact (cortical) bone has a very steep slope, small plastic phase

Question 34

Compared to normal adult bone, what bones would have a more gradual slope, with a **longer** plastic phase?

Answer 34

bones of children

Question 35

Compared to normal adult bone, what bones would have a more gradual slope, with a **shorter** plastic phase?

Answer 35

bones with osteoporosis

Question 36

What term describes unmineralized (organic component of) bone?

Answer 36

Osteoid

Question 37

What are the 2 main components of lamellar bone?

Answer 37

- compact/cortical bone - spongy/trabecular/cancellous bone

Question 38

What are the major passageways running in the direction of the length of long bones, providing paths for blood vessels called?

Answer 38

Haversian canals

Question 39

What term describes the connection between Haversian canals that runs in a perpendicular fashion?

Answer 39

Volkmann's canals

Question 40

What type of bone development involves the direct transition of mesenchyme to bone?

Answer 40

Intramembranous ossification (eg., closure of fontanels)

Question 41

What type of bone development involves the ossification of a cartilage model that was formed from mesenchyme?

Answer 41

Endochondral ossification

Question 42

In endochondral bone development, what is necessary for the ossification of cartilage to occur?

Answer 42

Vascularization

Question 43

Bone ____ describes the process of original bone development

Answer 43

modeling

Question 44

Bone ____ describes the continual process of bone turnover

Answer 44

remodeling

Question 45

Bone remodeling is guided by ____

Answer 45

Wolff's law

Question 46

Per Wolff's law, ____ force will increase bone resorption.

Answer 46

Increased tensile (decreased compressive)

Question 47

Per Wolff's law, ____ force will increase bone deposition.

Answer 47

Increased compressive

Question 48

Which cells produce alkaline phosphatase as a byproduct of their normal function?

Answer 48

osteoblasts

Question 49

What is the remodeling unit of bone?

Answer 49

cutting cone

Question 50

Bone remodeling is initiated by ____ activity

Answer 50

osteoclastic