Bone

Question 1

3 main structures of a long bone

Answer 1

epiphyses (2) - articulates w/ other bones

metaphases (2) - meeting of epiphyses and diaphysis

diaphysis (1) - shaft, compact bone

Question 2

What protein gives bone its resiliency?

Answer 2

Collagen

Question 3

Function of osteoprogenitor cells, what do they produce?

Answer 3

Assist in fracture repair

Produce osteoblasts

Question 4

Osteoblast general function, what do they secrete?

Answer 4

Build bone

Immature cells that secrete osteoid

Question 5

Osteoid

Answer 5

Matrix produced by osteoblasts that will eventually calcify to form bone

Question 6

What are osteocytes and their function?

Answer 6

Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts

Maintain bone matrix

Question 7

What is the general function of osteoclasts?

What do they secrete?

Answer 7

Break down bone

Secretes acids and protein-digesting enzymes

Question 8

Osteolysis

Answer 8

loosening/degradation of bone matrix

Question 9

What is the order of bone cell formation?

Answer 9

Osteoprogenitor -> osteoblasts -> osteocyte

Question 10

Where is the periosteum and what are the 2 functions of the periosteum?

Answer 10

Surrounds compact bone (except at joints)

Isolates bone from surrounding tissue & participates in bone growth and repair

Question 11

Hematopoiesis and which bones contribute to it the most?

Answer 11

Formation of blood cell components

Axial skeletal bones

Question 12

What are the 2 types of ossification?

Answer 12

Intramembranous (dermal) ossification
- bone to bone

Intracartilagenous (endochondral) ossification
- cartilage to bone

Question 13

What is bone deposition and which cell type increases deposition?

Answer 13

Deposition is the increase in BMD and is due to an increase in osteoblast activity

Question 14

What is bone resorption and which cell type contributes to an increase in resorption?

Answer 14

Resorption is a decrease in BMD (breaking down) due to an increase in osteoclast activity

Question 15

What vitamin is needed for collagen synthesis and osteoblast differentiation?

Answer 15

Vitamin C

Question 16

Which vitamin stimulates osteoblast activity, not differentiation, but activity?

Answer 16

Vitamin A

Question 17

What is calcitriol and what 2 things does it help to absorb?

Answer 17

Active form of vitamin D

Helps absorb Ca2+ and phosphorus from GI tract

Question 18

What bone cell type does growth hormone, estrogen, and androgens stimulate?

Answer 18

Osteoblasts

Question 19

Function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 19

Increases blood Ca2+

Question 20

Function of calcitonin

Answer 20

Decreases blood Ca2+ via increasing BMD

Question 21

If there are high levels of serum Ca2+ which hormone is secreted, and from which organ?

Answer 21

High Ca2+ levels results in the thyroid releasing calcitonin

Question 22

Fissure

Answer 22

Narrow slit b/w bones for blood vessels or nerves

Question 23

Foramen

Answer 23

Hole for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments

foramena: plural

Question 24

Fossa

Answer 24

Shallow depression

Question 25

Sulcus

Answer 25

Groove/furrow on a bone for passage of a blood vessel, nerve or tendon

Question 26

Meatus

Answer 26

Tubelike opening/passageway external auditory meatus

Question 27

Process

Answer 27

Projection or bump mastoid process

Question 28

Ramus

Answer 28

Extension of bone that forms an angle w/ the rest of the structure

Question 29

Condyle

Answer 29

Rounded projection w/ a smooth articular surface

Question 30

Facet

Answer 30

Smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articulating surface

Question 31

Head

Answer 31

Rounded articular process supported by a neck

Question 32

Crest

Answer 32

Prominent ridge or elongated process median sacral crest

Question 33

Epicondyle

Answer 33

Roughened projection above a condyle

Question 34

Line

Answer 34

Long, narrow ridge or border - less prominent than a crest - site of tendon or ligament attachement

Question 35

Trochanter

Answer 35

Very large projection, ONLY on the femur

Question 36

Tubercle

Answer 36

Variably sized rounded knob

Question 37

Tuberosity

Answer 37

Variably sized projection w/ rough bumpy surface for ligament attachement