Bone Flashcards
(21 cards)
What are the objectives of the lecture?
Describe classic cases in medical and dental research, apply basic principles to the ethical conduct of research, define terms of research misconduct, adopt criteria for authorship ethics.
What are the main reasons for conducting research?
- Describe a population health status
- Discover causes and factors related to disease
- Test new materials or agents
- Contribute to evidence based dentistry and dental literature
What is the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment?
A study that observed the natural history of syphilis in African Americans without providing treatment.
What was the Guatemala Experiment?
A study that involved infecting individuals with sexually transmitted diseases and treating them with penicillin.
What were the Vipeholm experiments?
Human experiments conducted to determine the effect of sugar on dental caries by feeding patients large amounts of sweets.
What ethical principle was violated in the Vipeholm experiments?
The principles of medical ethics.
What is the Nuremberg Code?
A foundational document of modern research ethics established after World War Two.
What organization was established in 1947?
The World Medical Association (WMA).
What is the Declaration of Helsinki?
A document that summarizes research ethics, adopted by the WMA in 1964.
What is required for research involving human subjects according to the Declaration of Helsinki?
Approval from an independent ethics committee.
What must researchers explain to obtain ethics committee approval?
- Purpose and methodology of the project
- Recruitment of research subjects
- Consent process
- Privacy protection
- Funding sources
- Potential conflicts of interest
What are the three possible outcomes of an ethics committee review?
- Approve the project
- Require changes
- Refuse approval
What does Paragraph 11 of the Declaration of Helsinki require?
Research involving human subjects must be justifiable on scientific grounds.
What is the significance of sample power calculation in animal research?
It is vital to minimize the number of animals used and prevent unnecessary pain.
What is the definition of ‘social value’ in research?
The requirement that a research project should contribute to the wellbeing of society, not just scientific knowledge.
What are the components of risk in research?
- Likelihood of occurrence of harm
- Severity of the harm
What is informed consent?
Information provided to research subjects to make an informed decision about participation.
What should happen if research subjects are unable to give consent?
They can participate with their parent’s or caregiver’s approval.
What right do research subjects have regarding their personal health information?
The right to confidentiality.
What is the difference between compliance and ethics in research?
- Compliance: Following established rules
- Ethics: Understanding and being motivated to follow the rules
What is the potential issue with delayed results in research?
Researchers may hold back results that could be unfavorable to funding sources or sponsors.
