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Physiology-Exam 3 > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

____ are stem cells in the inner layer of periosteum or endosteum that develop into osteoblasts

A

osteogenic cells

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2
Q

___ are cells which secrete bone matrix

A

osteoblasts

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3
Q

____ are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix

A

osteocytes

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4
Q

___ are macrophage cells, derived from hematopoietic stem cells, which reabsorb bone matrix

A

osteoclasts

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5
Q

Bone matrix consists of what two parts?

A

osteoid and inorganic molecules

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6
Q

The ____ is the organic part of the matrix secreted by osteoblasts

A

osteoid

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7
Q

The osteoid is made up of the ___ and ____

A

ground substance and collagen fibers

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8
Q

The ground substance of the osteoid is made up of what 3 things?

A

extracellular fluid (mainly water), cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans (polysaccharides linked with proteins; act like sponges by allowing compaction)

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9
Q

The inorganic molecules in the bone matrix are called ____, which contain calcium and phosphate secreted separately by osteoblasts and form crystals outside of the cells–they give the bone strength

A

hydroxyapatite

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10
Q

The outer part of bone is ____ bone, while the inner part of bone is ____

A

compact; cancellous

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11
Q

Within cancellous bone, the trabeculae is ____ and the spaces around are filled with ____

A

bone matrix; marrow

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12
Q

Osteocytes are connected by their ____

A

cell processes

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13
Q

____ between osteocytes allow transport of nutrients and information

A

gap junctions

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14
Q

The cell processes of osteocytes are located within ____

A

canaliculus

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15
Q

The osteocytes are located within ___

A

lacuna

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16
Q

An osteon is composed of both a ____ and and multiple connected _____

A

central canal; osteocytes

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17
Q

Within central canals there are ____, ____, and ___

A

nerves, arteries, and veins

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18
Q

Osteons are located within ___ bone

A

compact

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19
Q

Osteons run (parallel/perpendicular) to the long axis of the bone and (parallel/perpendicular) to the long axis there are multiple perforating canals to bring NAV in

A

parallel; perpendicular

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20
Q

The spaces between osteons, which have remnants of old osteons are called the _____

A

interstitial lamellae

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21
Q

The layers on the very external surface of bone, all the way around the bone are _____

A

circumferential lamellae

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22
Q

The layers around each central canal are ____

A

concentric lamellae

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23
Q

The collagen fibers in one lamella are arranged in ___ direction(s)

A

one

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24
Q

The direction of collagen fibers in adjacent lamellae are in ____ direction(s)

A

different

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25
Q

The oblique orientation of collagen fibers within compact bone help the bone do what?

A

resist torsional forces

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26
Q

Cancellous bone provides ___ to bones while allowing the bones to also be ____

A

strength; lighter

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27
Q

(T/F) Cancellous bone contains osteons

A

false

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28
Q

Cancellous bones have trabeculae, which are ______

A

supporting columns of bone that are aligned along lines of stress

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29
Q

What does cancellous bone have instead of osteons?

A

irregularly arranged lamellae with osteocytes

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30
Q

The ___ of cancellous bone is a single layer of bone cells on the external surface of the trabeculae

A

endosteum

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31
Q

_____ are collagen fibers of tendons and ligaments that penetrate the periosteum and enter the outer layer of bone

A

Sharpey’s fibers

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32
Q

Red bone marrow is ____ tissue

A

hematopoietic

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33
Q

In infants where is red bone marrow found?

A

within medullary cavitites and trabecular cavities of cancellous bone

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34
Q

In adults where is red bone marrow found?

A

trabecular cavities of cancellous bone mainly within flat bones and the ends of long bones

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35
Q

In adults where is yellow marrow found?

A

within the medullary cavities

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36
Q

The outer layer of the periosteum is made up of ____

A

dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

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37
Q

The inner layer of periosteum is made up of

A

the 4 types of bone cells

38
Q

Bone is derived from ____ (embryonic connective tissue)

A

mesenchyme

39
Q

The mesenchyme that bone is derived from comes from the ____ and _____ cells of the embryo

A

mesoderm and neural crest cells

40
Q

This type of bone development has a mesenchyme model that directly ossifies–the mesenchyme cells become osteoblasts

A

intramembranous

41
Q

This type of bone development has a cartilage model of bones that forms from the mesenchyme and the mesenchyme cells become chondroblasts; the cartilage is replaced by bone during development

A

endochondral

42
Q

The 4 steps of intramembranous ossification:

A

1-mesenchyme cells become osteoblasts which form an ossification center
2-osteoblasts secrete osteoid which is then calcified
3-woven bone is formed with a random network of trabeculae; mesenchyme condenses on external surface to become the periosteum
4-woven bone is remodeled into compact bone and cancellous bone and red bone marrow appears

43
Q

18 steps of endochondral ossification:

A

1-mesenchyme cells become chondroblasts
2-chondroblasts produce hyaline cartilage model surrounded by a perichondrium
3-BV penetrate the perichondrium (which will become the periosteum)
4-osteoblasts produce a bone collar by secreting osteoid around the cartilage model
5-central chondrocytes hypertrophy and release matrix vesicles which calcify cartilage
6-periosteal buds grow into cavities (BV, N, and lymphatic vessels)
7-osteoclasts break down the calcified cartilage
8-primary ossification center formed by osteoblasts producing woven bone
9-cartilage model grows and ossification continues
10-medullary cavity is formed by osteoclasts
11-remodeling of woven bone into lamellar bones by osteoclasts and osteoblasts
12-calcified cartilage forms in the epiphyses
13-secondary ossification centers begin to form in the epiphyses
14-unossified cartilage becomes the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage
15-growth in length occurs at the epiphyseal plate
16-growth in width occurs in the periosteum
17-epiphyseal plate ossifies and bone stops growing in length
18-articular cartilage remains on the articular surface of the bone

44
Q

Cartilage cells undergo mitosis in the _____ of the epiphyseal plate

A

proliferative zone

45
Q

Cartilage cells enlarge in the ____ of the epiphyseal plate

A

hypertrophic zone

46
Q

Cartilage cells die, the matrix becomes calcified, and cavities form in the ____ of the epiphyseal plate

A

calcification zone

47
Q

There is new bone formation in the _____ of the epiphyseal plate

A

ossification zone

48
Q

In bone remodeling, the osteoclasts do what?

A

attach to the bone matrix, secrete lysosomal enzymes and HCl, phagocytize digested matrix, calcium, and dead osteocytes, transport materials through the cell, release materials by exocytosis from the opposite side of the cell, and then materials enter extracellular space and then blood

49
Q

In bone remodeling, the osteoblasts do what?

A

secrete osteoid

50
Q

In bone remodeling, the osteoid is ____, and crystals of hydroxyapatite form spontaneously

A

calcified

51
Q

Bone growth is regulated by _____, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, ____ secreted by the thyroid gland, and ____/____ secreted by the gonads

A

growth hormone; thyroid hormone; estrogen/testosterone

52
Q

Increases in testosterone/estrogen at the beginning of puberty increase bone growth by increasing ___ secretion

A

growth hormone

53
Q

Further increases in both estrogen/testosterone stimulate _____

A

the ossification of the epiphyseal plate to end bone growth

54
Q

____ causes an inhibition of growth hormone

A

cortisol

55
Q

Growth hormone does what?

A

stimulates growth of bone

56
Q

Thyroid hormone does what?

A

regulates proportions of the skeleton

57
Q

The ______ is an extension of the hypothalamus connected by the infundibulum

A

posterior pituitary

58
Q

The ____ arises as an out-pocketing of the epithelium of the roof of the oral cavity that migrates superiorly

A

anterior pituitary

59
Q

When appropriately stimulated, hypothalamic neurons secrete ____ and ____ hormones into the primary capillary plexus of the pituitary gland

A

inhibiting and releasing

60
Q

From the primary capillary plexus, the hypothalamic neurons travel through the hypophyseal portal veins to the _____ where they stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from it

A

anterior pituitary

61
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones are secreted into the _____

A

secondary capillary plexus

62
Q

What 5 hormones are released by the hypothalamus to act on the anterior pituitary, thyroid, and gonads?

A

GHRH, GHIH, TSH/TRH, GnRH, GnIH

63
Q

When secreted by the anterior pituitary, ____ stimulates growth and metabolism in most tissues

A

growth hormone

64
Q

When secreted by the anterior pituitary, ___ stimulates secretion of the thyroid gland

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

65
Q

When secreted by the anterior pituitary, ____ stimulates growth and secretion of gonads

A

gonadotropins

66
Q

The two gonadotropins are:

A

LH and FSH

67
Q

The thyroid gland is composed of follicles filled with ___ and ____, which secrete calcitonin

A

thyroglobulin (precursor to thyroid hormone); parafollicular cells

68
Q

How is thyroid hormone made?

A

1-follicular cells produce thyroglobulin
2-thyroglobulin released into middle of follicle by exocytosis and iodine is added
3-conjugation occurred
4-results in thyroid hormone-brought back in via endocytosis
5-moves to other side of cell and is released into EC space via exocytosis

69
Q

Thyroid hormone affects ____ tissue in the body

A

almost every

70
Q

Thyroid hormone causes an increase in ____, ____, and ___ metabolism

A

glucose, fat, and protein

71
Q

Thyroid hormone also increases the number and activity of _____, which in turn increases ATP and heat production

A

mitochondria

72
Q

Thyroid hormones also regulate _____ and ____ of nervous and connective tissue throughout the body

A

natural growth and maturation

73
Q

If thyroid hormone is not present, then ____ hormone can’t normally affect tissues

A

growth

74
Q

TRH released by the ____ stimulates the secretion of thyrotropin

A

hypothalamus

75
Q

TSH stimulates the ____ gland to make thyroid hormone

A

thyroid

76
Q

An increase in concentration of thyroid hormones causes a decrease in secretion of ____ and ___

A

TRH; TSH

77
Q

In hypercalcemia, the rate of secretion of ____ is increased

A

calcitonin

78
Q

Calcitonin acts to ____

A

decrease blood calcium and phosphate levels

79
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

inhibits osteoclast activity, increases osteoblast activity, increases bone deposition, and decreases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from filtrate in the kidney

80
Q

Low levels of blood calcium stimulate the release of

A

parathyroid hormone

81
Q

What is the effect of PTH on bone:

A

stimulates osteoclast activity which increases bone resorption; increased levels of calcium and phosphate are released from bone into the blood

82
Q

What is the effect of PTH on intestines:

A

calcium and phosphate absorption is increased

83
Q

What is the effect of PTH on kidneys:

A

vitamin D synthesis is increased; vit D increases the absorption of calcium and phosphate in the intestines; calcium is reabsorbed from filtrate and phosphate is excreted in the urine

84
Q

Overall effect of PTH:

A

increased level of calcium in blood and decreased level of phosphate in blood

85
Q

What is the first step in bone repair?

A

a bone breaks, blood vessels are torn and hemorrhage, and a hematoma is formed

86
Q

What is the second step in bone repair?

A

fibrocartilaginous callus forms–capillaries grow into hematoma, macrophages eat debris, fibroblasts secrete collagen and become chondroblasts that secrete collagen matrix

87
Q

What is the third step in bone repair?

A

bony callus forms–fibrocartilage callus is converted to bony callus when cartilage is ossified by osteoblasts from the peri and endosteum

88
Q

What is the final step in bone repair?

A

the bony callus is remodeled-osteoclasts reabsorb woven bone, osteoblasts secrete osteoid to form compact bone and cancellous bone, and osteoclasts reform medullary cavity

89
Q

What causes osteomalacia and rickets?

A

insufficient amounts of calcium, phosphorous, or vit D in diet result in less mineralization of bone and bones become soft and weak–the epiphyseal plates are not calcified

90
Q

What causes osteoporosis?

A

bone resorption occurs at a faster rate than bone deposition

Physiology-Exam 3 (4 decks)

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