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HUBS191 > Bone and Biometrics (Module 1) > Flashcards

Bone and Biometrics (Module 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 types of tissues

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

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2
Q

What are the functions of the Epithelial Tissue

A

Provides physical protection, controls permeability, produces specialized secretions

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3
Q

Name 2 examples of epithelial tissues

A

Skin, GI tract

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4
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue

A

Form a structural framework for the body, transports fluids and dissolved minerals, supports other tissues, defends body from invading microorganisms

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5
Q

Name 2 examples of connective tissues

A

Bone, Blood

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6
Q

What are the functions of muscle tissue?

A

Contracts to produce movement

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7
Q

Name 3 examples of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle, and Smooth muscle

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8
Q

What are functions of the nervous tissue

A

Repair and maintain nervous tissue, and provide nutrients to the neurons.

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9
Q

Anterior

A

Front of body

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10
Q

Posterior

A

Back of body

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11
Q

Superior

A

Toward head end of body

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12
Q

Inferior

A

Toward foot end of body

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13
Q

Medial

A

Close to the centre of the body

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14
Q

Lateral

A

Far away from the centre of body

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15
Q

Proximal

A

Close to the trunk/torso

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16
Q

Distal

A

Far away from the trunk/torso

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17
Q

Deep

A

Further from the surface

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18
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the surface

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19
Q

Coronal plane

A

Plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves

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20
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Plane that divides the body into left and right pieces

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21
Q

Transverse plane

A

Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior halves

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22
Q

Sagittal movement

A

Movement in the sagittal plane (forward and backwards movement)

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23
Q

Coronal movement

A

Movement in the coronal plane (side to side movements

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24
Q

Transverse movement

A

Movement in the transverse plane (rotating movements)

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25
Q

Flexion

A

Movement that decreases the angle between the limbs

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26
Q

Extension

A

Movement that increases the angle between the limbs

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27
Q

Hyperextension

A

Increased extension movement only possible in some limbs

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28
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexion movement in the foot (toes towards face)

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29
Q

Plantarflexion

A

Flexion movement in the foot (toes toward ground)

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30
Q

Abduction

A

Movement at joint moving limb away from midline (spread fingers)

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31
Q

Adduction

A

Movement at joint moving limb towards midline (closed fingers)

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32
Q

Opposition

A

Movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the other fingers

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33
Q

Circumduction

A

Combination of Flexion, Abduction, Adduction, Extension, in a circular movement. No rotation

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34
Q

Rotation

A

Rotation around the long axis of a joint

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35
Q

Inversion

A

Movement of facing the foot towards the midline

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36
Q

Eversion

A

Movement of facing the sole of the foot away from the midline

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37
Q

Compact bone

A

Strong bone tissue that is good at transmitting force in one direction

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38
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Light spongy bone tissue that is good at absorbing shock, resisting and channeling forces from multiple directions

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39
Q

Long bones

A

Longer than they are wide
Composed of a long narrow diaphysis, and 2 wide epiphyses
Act as levers for movement`
Compact bone in diaphysis, cancellous bone in epiphyses
Usually limb bones

40
Q

Short bones

A

Close to equal width and length
Weight bearing from multiple directions
Mostly cancellous bone

41
Q

Flat bones

A

Usually for muscular attachment and protection
Thin plates of compact bone with some cancellous bone too sometimes

42
Q

Irregular bones

A

Doesn’t fit into any other category
Various shapes and functions

43
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Bones of the core
Protection of vital organs

44
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of the limbs
Important for movement

45
Q

Skull (cranium)

A

Encloses the brain
Attaches to muscle
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

46
Q

Skull (facial bones)

A

Protect and support sensory organs
Mandible, facial bones

47
Q

Vertebral column

A

keeps the trunk upright
7 Cervical (near head)
12 Thoracic (upper to mid back)
5 Lumbar (lower back)
Sacrum (back part of the pelvis)
Coccyx (tailbone)

48
Q

Rib cage

A

Protection of heart and lungs
Ribs
Sternum

49
Q

Limbs

A

Humerus, Femur (single proximal long bone)
Ulna Radius, Tibia Fibular (double distal long bones)
Hands, feet

50
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Made up of clavicle (stabilizing strut) and scapula (free moving muscle attachments)

51
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Made up of the 2 hip bones and the axial sacrum

52
Q

Bone tissue composition

A

Connective tissue (supports other tissues/organs, and maintains form)

53
Q

Extracellular components

A

Organic (33%, collagen - protein, ground substance - proteoglycans) - resists tension
Inorganic (66%, hydroxyapatite, other calcium minerals) - makes bone hard and resistant to compression

54
Q

Cellular component

A

makes up 2% of bone by weight
Made up of Osteogenic cells, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Osteocytes

55
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Stem cells that produce osteoblasts

56
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells that produce new bone matrix

57
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells that remove bone matrix

58
Q

Osteocytes

A

Cells that maintain and communicate, they recycle protein and minerals from the matrix and control the activity of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts

59
Q

Osteons

A

A longitudinal unit within compact bone which provide a pathway for nutrients to get to cells in the extracellular matrix

60
Q

Central Canal

A

Contains blood vessel and nerves

61
Q

Lamellae

A

A series of cylinders formed of extracellular matrix around the central canal (the walls of the osteon and the rest of the bone)

62
Q

Lacunae

A

Lakes/holes for osteocytes

63
Q

Canaliculi

A

Channels for nutrients through the extracellular matrix

64
Q

Osteoperosis

A

when the trabeculae (the struts of lamella bone in cancellous bone) becomes thinner

65
Q

Ossification

A

The process of bone formation

66
Q

Centers for ossification

A

Diaphyses are primary ossification centers (form bone before other parts of the body)
Epiphyses are secondary ossification centers (form bone after primary ossification centers)
Are separated by epiphysial plates

67
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Process of transforming cartilage into bone

68
Q

Epiphyseal growth plate

A

The main site of longitudinal growth of the long bones. At this site, cartilage is formed by the proliferation and hypertrophy of cells and synthesis of the typical extracellular matrix. The formed cartilage is then calcified, degraded, and replaced by osseous tissue

69
Q

Bone width growth

A

Appositional growth, the superficial osteoblasts produce bone matrix as the circumferential lamellae, and the osteoclasts mould the bone shape and form the medullary cavity

70
Q

Joint

A

where 2 or more bones meet, allows free movement/control of movement, often have cartilage, mostly hyaline, some fibrocartilage in some places.

71
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Also known as articular cartilage, made of collagen fibres that are barely visible, has a high water content so resists compression, is smooth, frictionless and is the more common cartilage in joints.
Nutrients diffused through matrix through joint loading because blood vessels don’t penetrate the cartilage

72
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Made of collagen fibres which form bundles in the matrix, the orientation of the fibres aligns with the stresses
Function: resists compression and tension
Usually is present at articulations with too little articular surfaces (eg knee)
Nutrients diffused through matrix through joint loading because blood vessels don’t penetrate the cartilage

73
Q

Ligaments

A

A structure that connects bone to bone
they restrict movement away from themselves
made of:
Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue (DFCT)
Collagen and elastin mean they stretch and allow recoil
Fibroblasts and fibrocytes
Small amounts of vascularity compared to bone, resulting in very slow healing following injury

74
Q

Tendons

A

A structure that connects muscle to bone
They facilitate and control movement and cause contraction of muscles connected to bones
They have less elastin than ligaments

75
Q

Tissues

A

cells grouped together in
a highly organized
manner according to
specific structure and
function

76
Q

Structures

A

Something formed by tissues

77
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Made of DFCT
Is a ligament
Limits movement and provides stability
Eg. brain sutures, distal tibiofibular joint

78
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Made of fibrocartilage
Is connected entirely by cartilage
Allows some movement but not much
Are often parts of various structures with special functions
Eg. intervertebral disk, pubic symphysis

79
Q

Synovial joints

A

Made of a complex association of tissues and structures
Allows free movement and control of movement
The bone ends determine the range and motion of the joint
Are contained in a joint capsule
Are most of the joints in our bodies

80
Q

Joint capsule

A

Outer layer made of DFCT, inner layer made of synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid which both lubricates the joint and provides nutrients to the avascular structures
Holds bones together
Tight and thick where more support is required, and loose where movement is required

81
Q

Capsular ligaments

A

In some joints thickenings of capsule are present where more support is required
Medial collateral ligament (MCL) - connects femur to tibia, restricts abduction
Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) - connects femur to tibia, restricts adduction

82
Q

Intracapsular ligaments

A

In some joints additional bands of DFCT located internally to the capsule holds bones together
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) - connects the anterior of tibia to posterior of femur, restricts posterior displacement of femur
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) - connects the posterior of tibia to anterior of femur, restricts anterior displacement of femur

83
Q

Fibrocartilaginous pads/structures

A

In some joints small structures made of fibrocartilage fill in space, provide cushioning/shock absorption, and deepen articulations
Eg. the menisci in the knee

84
Q

Excitable tissues

A

Neurons and muscles have an excitable membrane potential

85
Q

Action potential

A

A rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane. The membrane potential, is determined by the relative ratio of extracellular to intracellular ions, needs to increase to -55mv for the true action potential

86
Q

Myelin sheath

A

The myelin coating of an axon increasing its transmitting speed, because axions with a myelin sheath conduct their electric signals quicker

87
Q

Smooth muscles

A

Mainly line hollow organs
Are not under voluntary control

88
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Located only in the heart, it generates force to pump blood around the body
Is not under voluntary control

89
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Applies force to the bones to control posture and body movements
Are under voluntary control
Also known as striated or voluntary muscle
Primary job is to develop tension or force
Skeletal muscle fibres are large multinucleate cells containing large amounts of protein
Connective tissues cover the muscle fibres and connect fibres to the bone
Skeletal muscle is richly supplied with blood vessels
Skeletal muscle is richly supplied with nerve fibres

90
Q

Tendon structure

A

Muscle fibres are gathered into bundles called fascicles
Fascicles are gathered into bundles called muscles
Fibres, fascicles, and muscles are each covered by connective tissue
These connective tissue sheathes are gathered together to form tendons

91
Q

Muscle structure

A

Muscles are comprised of muscle tissue, nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue
Each muscle is made of multiple muscle fibres
Each muscle fibre is made of multiple myofibrils
Myofibrils are made of repeating units called sarcomeres
Sarcomeres are made of contractile proteins called myofilaments - Actin (thin filaments), myosin (thick filaments)

92
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

An extensive membranous tubular network associated with T tubules at regular intervals, the sarcoplasmic reticulum has 2 chambers (terminal cisternae) on either side of the T tubules these 3 structures form a membrane triplet called a triad
The job of the SR is to take up and store calcium and then to release Ca2+ into the cytoplasm as a response from the action potential conducted through the T tubules

93
Q

Transverse tubules (T tubules)

A

Tubular extensions on the surface membrane, surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum
Function is to conduct action potentials deep into the core of the fibre

94
Q

Actin

A

Thin filament
A globular protein (G actin), the globules assemble to form filamentous protein strands (F actin)
Each thin filament is a twisted strand of 2 rows of F actin ending at one end at the Z-line

95
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filament
A molecule with a long tail and globular head
The thick filament is formed from arrays of pairs of myosin molecules arranged with their tails pointing towards the M line forming a complex double head structure

96
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

The site where an action potential from the brain is delivered to a muscle fibre to initialize contraction

HUBS191 (1 decks)

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