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Bone and cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average bone mineral density in these different sports:
Runners, gymnastics, track, hockey, soccer, swim.

A
  • Runners = 1.079
  • gymnastics = 1.173
  • track = 1.152
  • hockey= 1.161
  • swim = 1.083
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2
Q

Why do runners and swimmers have a lower density?

A

swimming is weight supportive and running doesn’t involve impact to upper body. Less stress = less BMD.

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3
Q

List the factors that shape the bone re-modelling response.

A 
Weight bearing
Magnitude of load
Rate of loading
Direction of forces
Volume of loading
Pull of tendons on bone.
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4
Q

What do the osteoblasts do?

A

Form bone tissue

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5
Q

What do the osteocytes do?

A

Maintain bone tissue

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6
Q

What do the osteoclasts do?

A

Functions in resorption, the destruction of bone matrix.

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7
Q

What is the turnover rate of the bone remodelling process?

A

5-7% per week

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8
Q

How long until the skeleton is completely replaced?

A

every 10 years

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9
Q

How many days is the total cycle for compact bone?

A

100 days

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10
Q

What % of compact bone is replaced each year?

A

5%

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11
Q

How many days is the total cycle for spongy bone?

A

200 days

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12
Q

What % of spongy bone is replaced each year?

A

25%

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13
Q

What are the stages of bone remodelling process?

A
  1. resting
  2. resorption
  3. reversal
  4. formation
  5. mineralisation
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14
Q

What bone cells are involved in resorption?

A

osteoclasts

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15
Q

What cell is involved in reversal?

A

macrophage

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16
Q

What cell is involved in formation?

A

Osteoblast

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17
Q

What cell is involved in mineralisation?

A

Osteocytes. Osteoblasts line cell to stop osteoclast getting to bone underneath.

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18
Q

What is the incomplete cellular layer of the bone called?

A

Endosteum - deep layer

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19
Q

What does the endosteum contain?

A

Osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells and osteoclasts.

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20
Q

What is the outside layer of the bone called?

A

Periosteum

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21
Q

What does the Periosteum contain?

A

Outer (fibrous) and inner (cellular) layers

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22
Q

What bone cell is on the periosteal and endosteal surface?

A

Osteoblasts

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23
Q

What bone cell is just on the endosteal surface?

A

Osteoclasts

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24
Q

How can osteoblasts and osteoclasts change thickness of the bone?

A

By up or down regulation from the inside and the outside.

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25
What are tension stresses?
Pulling forces on tissue, stretching or elongation occurs
26
What are compression stresses?
Push structure inwardly, compressing longitudinal length
27
What are shear stresses?
Skewing, oblique forces
28
What happens once the stresses/forces occur to the bone?
Osteoblasts lay down collagen fibres, and new bone formed.
29
Within limits, how does the bone alter strength in response to mechanical stress?
It increases it's deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibres
30
What are aligned in the same direction along the lines of stress?
Osteons
31
What happens to the lines of stress as the bone has a change in different stresses?
It changes
32
Define Wolff's law
A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed on it.
33
Define the 'stress' in the stress-strain relationship
Level of force encountered by a tissue
34
Define the 'strain' in the stress-strain relationship
magnitude of deformation in proportion to stress applied
35
As strain increases what happens to stress?
It increases
36
What is a linear strain?
Compressive/tensile stresses that change tissue length
37
How are linear strains quantified?
As % relative to resting length
38
What is a shear strain?
The bending of the tissue (bone)
39
How is a shear strain quantified?
By angle of deformation
40
What is Minimal essential Strain (MES)?
The threshold stimulus that initiates new bone
41
What fraction of force required to fracture the bone is the MES?
1/10
42
With bone loading, what direction does bone tissue fluid flow through the volkmanns canals and the Haversian canals?
Horizontally through the Volkmanns canals | Vertically through the Haversian canals
43
TRUE or FALSE. Osteocytes detect bone loading and regulate osteoblast/clast activity to make or lose bone?
TRUE
44
How do osteocytes send signals?
Fluid buffers osteocytes through its movement. Bone is wet tissue.
45
What is more important in affecting BMD, fat mass or LBM%?
LBM%
46
Why is LBM% more important in affecting BMD?
Because of tendon forces pulling on the bone.
47
What is the Untah Paradigm?
Bones have the main purpose of providing enough strength to keep voluntary physical loads, whether subnormal, normal or supranormal, from causing fractures.
48
Does trabecular (spongy) or cortical (compact) bone respond more rapidly to stimuli?
Trabecular (spongy)
49
How long until measurable changes in bone mass?
6-8 months
50
TRUE or FALSE. Bone thinning occurs from out to in during ageing?
FALSE! endocortical layers removed first so from in to out.
51
What can offset natural endocortical thinning?
Exercise - stimulates periosteal thickening.
52
what sort of bone growth is seen in males?
Periosteal
53
What sort of bone growth is seen in females?
Endocortical - because greater loss from endosteum
54
What is a males bone mass?
3.3kg
55
What is a females bone mass?
2.4kg
56
TRUE or FALSE. multi joint exercises are preferred to increase bone size and strength.
TRUE
57
What sort of loading and volume should be carried out to increase bone size and strength?
Loading high, moderate to low volume (<10reps)
58
Fast or slow velocities preferred for increase bone size and strength?
Fast
59
How long should rest intervals be to increase bone size and strength?
moderate to long (>2-3mins)
60
How can stimuli be altered to help with bone size?
Variation in training stress
61
List why it is important to increase bone size and strength?
avoid injury, cope with loads and challenges, recovery from injury, match increase in hypertrophy.

Strength and Conditioning (16 decks)

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