Bone and Soft Tissue Tumours Flashcards

(50 cards)

1
Q

Define sarcoma

A

Malignant tumours arising from connective tissue

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2
Q

What is the spread of sarcomas?

A
  • Spread along fascial planes
  • Haematogenous spread to lungs
  • Rarely to regional lymph nodes (rhabdomyosarcomas, epithelioid sarcomas & synovial sarcomas)
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3
Q

How common are benign and malignant tumours of the bone?

A
  • benign tumours of skeleton common
  • malignant tumours of skeleton RARE
  • bony secondaries very common
  • bone tumour in patient >50y likely to be metastatic
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4
Q

What are the bone forming tumours?

A

–benign: osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma

–malignant: osteosarcoma

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5
Q

What are the cartilage forming tumours?

A

–benign: enchondroma, osteochondroma

–malignant: chondrosarcoma

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6
Q

What are the fibrous tissue tumours?

A

–benign: fibroma

–malignant: fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH)

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7
Q

What are the vascular tissue tumours?

A

–benign: haemangioma, aneurysmal bone cyst

–malignant: angiosarcoma

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8
Q

What are the adipose tissue tumours?

A

–benign: lipoma

–malignant: liposarcoma

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9
Q

What are the marrow tissue tumours?

A

–malignant: Ewing’s sarcoma, lymphoma, myeloma

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10
Q

What are other tumours?

A

Benign, are locally destructive and can rarely metastasise - Giant Cell tumours (GCT)

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11
Q

What are the tumour like lesions?

A

Benign: simple bone cyst, fibrous cortical defect

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12
Q

What is the incidence of primary bone tumours in the UK?

A

Osteosarcoma 3 per million popu./yr

Chondrosarcoma 2 ..

Ewing’s tumour 1.5 ..

Malig. fibrous histiocytoma <1 ..

  • Osteosarcoma = commonest primary malignant bone tumour in younger patient
  • Myeloma = commonest primary malignant “bone” tumour in older patient
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13
Q

What is the history of bone tumours?

A
  • Pain
  • mass
  • Abnormal x-rays - incidental
  • Bone Tumours - PAIN
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14
Q

What is loked for on examination of the bone cancer?

A
  • General health
  • measurements of mass
  • location
  • shape
  • consistency
  • mobility
  • tenderness
  • local temperature
  • neuro-vascular deficits
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15
Q

What are the investigations for bone cancers?

A
  • Plain x-rays - most useful for bone lesions
  • Calcification - synovial sarcoma
  • Myositis ossificans - calcification occurs followed by formation of bony tissue within affected muscles
  • Phleboliths in haemangioma

Phlebolith is a calcification within a vein

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16
Q

What are the signs on X-ray that the tumour is inactive?

A

Clear margins

Surrounding rim of reactive bone

Cortical expansion can occur with aggressive benign lesions

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17
Q

What are the signs on x-ray that the lesion is aggressive?

A
  • less well defined zone of transition between lesion and normal bone (permeative growth)
  • cortical destruction = malignancy
  • Periosteal reactive new bone growth occurs when the lesion destroys the cortex.
  • Codman’s triangle, onion-skinning or sunburst pattern

So there is a less well defined border, destruction of the cortex and new periosteal bone growth after the lesion has destroyed the cortex.

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18
Q

What is the function of CT in the investigation of bone cancer?

A
  • Assessing ossification and calcification
  • integrity of cortex
  • best for assessing nidus in osteoid osteoma
  • Staging - primarily of lungs
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19
Q

What is the main purpose of isotope bone scans?

A

Staging for skeletal mets

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20
Q

What might multiple lesions on a bone scan indicate?

A

•osteochondroma, enchondroma, fibrous dysplasia & histiocytosis

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21
Q

What condition are isotope bone scans frequently negative for?

22
Q

What is the point of using an MRI for supsected bone cancer?

A

Determines the size, extent, anatomical relationships

It is accurate for limits of disease both within and outside bone

Specific for lipoma, haemangioma, haematoma or PVNS

Non-specific for benign vs maignant

23
Q

What are other investigations for bone cancer?

A

Angiography - replaced by MRI

(used for pseudoaneurysms, AV malformations, embolisation of vascular tumours - renal ABC

PET - may be useful for investigating response to chemo

Biopsy

24
Q

What investigations are needed to be completed before a biopsy?

A
  • Bloods
  • X-rays of affected Limb

& Chest

  • MRI of lesion
  • Bone Scan
  • CT Chest, abdo & pelvis
25
What are the cardinal features of malignant primary bone tumours?
* Increasing pain * unexplained pain * Deep-seated boring nature * Night pain * Difficulty weight-bearing * Deep swelling
26
What are some examples of malignant bone tumours?
Osteosarcoma Ewings sarcoma Chondrosarcoma
27
What are the clinical features of bone tumours?
* pain * loss of function * swelling * pathological fracture * joint effusion * deformity * neurovascular effects * systemic effects of neoplasia Pain (increasing, analgesics eventually ineffectvie, not related to exercise, deep boring ache - worse at night)
28
What may indicate loss of function?
–limp –reduced joint movement –stiff back (esp. child)
29
Describe the swelling associated with the tumour
–generally diffuse in malignancy –generally near end of long bone –once reaching noticeable size, enlargement may be rapid –warmth over swelling + venous congestion = active! –pressure effects e.g. intrapelvic
30
What else can cause pathological fractures?
Osteoporosis is the commonest causes many causes, of which primary bone tumour (benign or malignant)
31
How can we determine if the fracture is a pathological fracture?
–minimal trauma + h/o pain prior to # !!
32
WHat is the MRI scan good for showing
* intraosseous (intramedullary) extent of tumour * extraosseous soft tissue extent of tumour * joint involvement * skip metastases * epiphyseal extension Used to determine resection margins
33
What are the available treatment options for bone cancer?
* Goal is to make free of disease * Chemotherapy * Surgery * Radiotherapy * TEAM !!
34
What are suspicious signs of soft tissue tumours?
Deep (deep to deep fascia) Subcutaneous tumours greater than 5 cm Rapid growth, hard, craggy, non-tender
35
When should we be aware of swellings? (these are for soft tissue tumours)
* rapidly growing * hard, fixed, craggy surface, indistinct margins * non-tender to palpation, but assoc. with deep ache, esp. worse at night * BEWARE – may be painless * Recurred after previous excision = NASTY - suspicious of malignant tumour (1° or 2° ) until proven otherwise
36
Which is more common, primary or secondary bone cancer?
* 2° bone tumour 25 x commoner than 1° * bone most common site for 2° after lung and liver
37
What are the common sites of bone cancer in order of frequency?
–vertebrae \> proximal femur \> pelvis \> ribs \> sternum \> skull
38
What are the 7 most common primary cancers which metastasise to bone?
1. LUNG - smoker; CXR, sputum cytology 2. BREAST - commonest; examine! 3. PROSTATE - osteosclerotic 2°; PR, PSA 4. KIDNEY - solitary, vascular; IVP + US, angiography & embolise 5. THYROID - esp. follicular Ca; examine 6. GI TRACT - FOB, endoscopy, Ba studies, markers 7. MELANOMA - examine! [neuroblastoma (of adrenal medulla) - aet. \<4 y]
39
What is prognosis for pathological fracture?
•in general, approx. 50% of patients with pathological fractures will survive \>6 m, & 30% greater than or equal to 1 y
40
What are the prevention mechanisms for pathological fracture?
Early chemotherapy/DXT (deep x-ray therapy) Prophylactic internal fixation Bone cement Embolisation Prophylactic stabilisation of bone should be performed if there is a substantial risk of fracturing. If the risk of fracturing is low, the appropriate treatment is radiotherapy.
41
What is the scoring system used for fracture risk assessment?
Mirel's scoring system
42
Never assume that a lytic lesion, particularly if solitary, is a metastasis
43
What is the failure rate of fixation of pathological fractures or lytic lesion, especially around the hip / proximal femur vs cemented hip prosthesis
Fixation of pathological fractures have a high failure rate, cemented hip prosthesis, either standard or tumour prostheses have a low failure rate Fixation involves the use of nails or plates For all pathological fractures of the long bones, three principal surgical treatment options exist: intramedullary nail, plate, or (endo) prosthesis. Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5367617/
44
What is required during surgery of spinal metastases?
Decompression and stabilisation
45
• Constructs, whether spinal or appendicular, should allow immediate weightbearing and aim to last the lifetime of the patient.
46
•Solitary renal metastases should, where possible, be radically excised.
47
What is the commonest soft tissue tumour?
Lipoma
48
As the soft tissue tumour gets larger - the chances of it being a sarcoma (vs lipoma) gets larger. But it is still more likely to be a lipoma 80% of deep sarcomas are greater than 5cm
49
What are the features of soft tissue tumours?
* painless * mass deep to deep fascia * any mass \>5cm * any fixed, hard or indurated mass * any recurrent mass
50