Bone Basics

Question 1

what are Long Bones

Answer 1

Corticol (Compact Bones)

Question 2

what is the middle of the bone called

Answer 2

Diaphysis

Question 3

what is the end of the bone called

Answer 3

epiphysis
(can be proximal or distal)

Question 4

where does the middle of the bone meet the end of the bone

Answer 4

metaphyis
(can be proximal or distal)

Question 5

where is bone marrow found

Answer 5

in the medullary cavity

Question 6

what is the outer sheath of the bone and what is its function?

Answer 6

Periosteum
supplies bone with blood, nerves, cells

Question 7

which cell in bones are stem cells

Answer 7

osteogenic

Question 8

what cells found in bones resorb bone

Answer 8

osteoclasts

Question 9

what is the functions of osteoblasts

Answer 9

forms bone matrix

Question 10

what cells found in bones maintains bone tissue

Answer 10

osteocytes

Question 11

what are Haversian canals

Answer 11

grooves made as osteoclasts eat away at bone and osteocytes refill it (in bone remodelling)

Question 12

what are trabeculae

Answer 12

bundle of fibres in the Cancellous (spongy) region of bone

Question 13

define bone remodelling

Answer 13

continuous deposition and resorption of bone

Question 14

What is Wolfs law?

Answer 14

bones orient themselves to resist forces acted upon them due to the presence of tension lines

Question 15

what are some functions of bone

Answer 15

support
levers for movement
protection
mineral homeostasis
haemoatopoesis

Question 16

what is compact bone filled with

Answer 16

mixture of organic (collagen) and inorganic substances (minerals)

Question 17

how may bones be classified

Answer 17

cranial - postcranial
axial - appendicular
endochondral - intramembranus
long, short, flat, sesamoid, irregular

Question 18

what is the term for growth plates

Answer 18

physes

Question 19

where are sesamoid bones found

Answer 19

near tendons + ligaments + joints

Question 20

define apophysis

Answer 20

protuberance developed from independent ossification centres

Question 21

define foramen

Answer 21

opening

Question 22

define fossa

Answer 22

shallow depression or hollow

Question 23

how are dorsal skull bones formed

Answer 23

endochondrally

Question 24

how are ventral skull bones formed

Answer 24

endochondrally

Question 25

how are dorsal skull bones formed

Answer 25

intramembranous

Question 26

why does the skull have many foramina

Answer 26

allow passage of nerves and blood vessles

Question 27

describe the bones in the skull

Answer 27

paired and from different ossification centres (fibrous tissue separate them when young, but then fuse together as an adult)

Question 28

what attaches to the madndibular temporalis

Answer 28

caronoid process

Question 29

where to mandibular bones join

Answer 29

at the symphysis

Question 30

what is the function of the hyoid bone

Answer 30

suspend the tongue and larynx from the skull

Question 31

name the vertebral bones

Answer 31

cervical thoracic lumbar sacral caudal

Question 32

what is the rib proper

Answer 32

dorsal bony bit

Question 33

what is the costal cartilage

Answer 33

ventral cartilage part

Question 34

what does the rib articulate to

Answer 34

2 successive vertebrae and the sternum directly

Question 35

what is the floating rib

Answer 35

the cartilage of the last rib doesnt connect

Question 36

what is the cranial element of the sternum called

Answer 36

manubrium

Question 37

what is the xiphoid cartilage

Answer 37

base of the sternum

Question 38

name the different parts of the pectoral limb

Answer 38

scapula clavicle humerus radius and ulna carpal bone metacarpal bone phalanges

Question 39

where is the accessory carpal bone

Answer 39

lateral (little lateral bone)

Question 40

how are the metacarpal bones labelled

Answer 40

I to V medial to lateral

Question 41

where are the paired proximal sesamoid bone

Answer 41

palmer MCP joint

Question 42

name the bones of the pelvis

Answer 42

ilium pubis ischium

Question 43

what are the parts of the pelvic limb

Answer 43

pelvis femur patella fabellae tibia and fibula tarsal bone metatarsals phalanges

Question 44

where is the acetabulum

Answer 44

socket where the lateral face of the femur articulates with the fusion of the ileum, pubis, ischium

Question 45

name the bony prominence of the femur

Answer 45

prominent trochanters

Question 46

what type of bone is the patella

Answer 46

sesamoid

Question 47

what is the Fabellae

Answer 47

small sesamoid bone opposite the patella in dogs

Question 48

which of the tibia and fibula are medial or lateral

Answer 48

tibia medial fibula lateral

Question 49

name the proximal row of the tarsal bones

Answer 49

talus (medial) and calcaneus (lateral)

Question 50

name the bones of the the proximal row of the carpal bones

Answer 50

radial carpal (medial) intermedial carpal ulner carpal (lateral)

Question 51

what type of bones to birds have

Answer 51

Pneumatised bone (hollow for flight)

Question 52

how is the thoracic limb in birds modified

Answer 52

(wing) strong pectoral girdle with additional coracoid bone

Question 53

how is the bird adapted for flight

Answer 53

pneumatised bones modified thoracic limb huge sternum keel (for flight muscle attachment)

Question 54

what is the purpose of the medullary bone in birds

Answer 54

is a calcium storage

Question 55

why do reptiles have slow bone healing

Answer 55

less bone remodelling due to no Haversian bone system

Question 56

describe reptilian locamotion

Answer 56

lateromedial vertebral flexibility

Question 57

how is the reptilian vertebrae divided

Answer 57

presacral sacral caudal

Question 58

what is the sign of skeletal maturity

Answer 58

closed epiphysis

Question 59

describe the locomotion of fish

Answer 59

lateral undulation

Question 60

how is the fish tail supported?

Answer 60

caudal vertebrae