Bone, Cartilage, Tendons and Muscles

Question 1

What are the 4 dense connective tissues of the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 1

1 - Bone

2 - Cartilage

3 - Tendons

4 - Ligaments

Question 2

What is the function of tendons?

Answer 2

To connect muscle to bone.

Question 3

What are tendons composed of?

Answer 3

Collagen.

Question 4

What is the function of ligaments?

Answer 4

To connect bone to bone.

Question 5

What are ligaments composed of?

Answer 5

Collagen and elastin.

Question 6

What causes double jointedness?

Answer 6

Longer ligaments, allowing joints to move beyond their normal range.

Question 7

What does the anterior cruciate ligament link?

Where does it pass?

Answer 7

The femur with the tibia.

It runs crosswise inside the center of the knee joint.

Question 8

Which movement does the anterior cruciate ligament stabilise?

Answer 8

Forward and backward motion of the leg.

Question 9

How can the anterior cruciate ligament be repaired?

Answer 9

With a bone-tendon-bone transplant.

Question 10

What is cartilage composed of?

Answer 10

Collagen and elastin.

Chondrocytes secrete an extracellular matrix.

Question 11

How is cartilage nourished?

Answer 11

Since it is avascular, nutrients diffuse through the extracellular matrix.

Question 12

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Answer 12

1 - Hyaline

2 - Fibrocartilage

3 - Elastic

Question 13

List 2 functions of hyaline cartilage.

Answer 13

1 - Provides a framework for bone deposition.

2 - Supplies smooth surfaces for articulation.

Question 14

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Answer 14

In areas requiring tough support, e.g. pubic symphysis.

Question 15

Where is elastic cartilage found?

What is its function?

Answer 15

In the walls of the auditory canals and larynx.

Present to keep the tubes open.

Question 16

List 5 functions of bone.

Answer 16

1 - Support

2 - Protection

3 - Movement

4 - Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus).

5 - Haemopoiesis (in the bone marrow).

Question 17

What are the two types of bone structure?

Answer 17

1 - Compact bone.

2 - Cancellous / Spongy Bone.

Question 18

What are trabeculae?

Answer 18

Thin columns and plates of bone that create a spongy structure in a cancellous bone

Question 19

What is cancellous bone?

Answer 19

Bone that contains a network of trabeculae, arranged to give maximum strength at sites of weight bearing.

Question 20

Where is the epiphysis?

Answer 20

At the end of a long bone.

Question 21

Where is the metaphysis?

Answer 21

In between the epiphysis and the diaphysis of a long bone.

Question 22

What is the diaphysis?

Answer 22

The shaft of a long bone.

Question 23

Describe the anatomical compartmentalisation of bone in the epiphysis.

Answer 23

Mostly cancellous bone (centre).

Ring of compact bone (superficial).

Question 24

Describe the anatomical compartmentalisation of bone in the metaphysis.

Answer 24

Little medulla (centre).

Ring of cancellous bone (intermediate).

Ring of compact bone (superficial).

Question 25

Describe the anatomical compartmentalisation of bone in the diaphysis.

Answer 25

Mostly medulla (centre). Little cancellous bone (intermediate). Ring of compact bone (superficial).

Question 26

What is the name of the membrane that lines the inner surface of bone? How many layers are there?

Answer 26

Endosteum. Single layer.

Question 27

What is the name of the membrane that lines the outer surface of bone? How many layers are there?

Answer 27

Periosteum. Several layers.

Question 28

What is the function of perforating / sharpey's fibres?

Answer 28

To connect periosteum to bone.

Question 29

What are the 3 steps of bone modelling?

Answer 29

1 - Embryonic mesenchyme forms a mesenchymal model. 2 - An intermediate cartilaginous (hyaline) model forms. 3 - Model replaced via endochondral ossification.

Question 30

Where do primary ossification centres appear? When are they present?

Answer 30

In bone shafts. Most are present by birth.

Question 31

Where do secondary ossification centres appear? When are they present?

Answer 31

In the epiphyses of long bones. Appear after birth.

Question 32

Where are epiphyseal growth plates?

Answer 32

In the metaphyses of a long bone.

Question 33

What are the 5 types of bone?

Answer 33

1 - Long 2 - Short 3 - Flat 4 - Irregular 5 - Sesamoid

Question 34

Give 2 examples of paired long bones.

Answer 34

1 - Tibia and fibula. 2 - Radius and ulna.

Question 35

Give 2 examples of unpaired long bones.

Answer 35

1 - Femur. 2 - Humerus.

Question 36

Give 6 examples of short bones.

Answer 36

1 - All metacarpals. 2 - All metatarsals. 3 - All phalanges. 4 - Clavicles. 5 - All carpals. 6 - All tarsals

Question 37

Give 3 examples of flat bones.

Answer 37

1 - Scapula. 2 - Ribs. 3 - Sternum.

Question 38

Give 2 examples of irregular bones.

Answer 38

1 - Vertebrae. 2 - Components of the innominate (hip) bone.

Question 39

Give 3 examples of sesamoid bones.

Answer 39

1 - Patella. 2 - 5 sesamoid bones in each hand. 3 - 2 sesamoid bones in each foot.