Bone Quiz 1

Question 1

cranial

Answer 1

the skull

Question 2

post-cranial

Answer 2

Everything else: All the bones below the skull

Question 3

Axial skeleton

Answer 3

efers to the bones of the trunk, including the vertebrae, sacrum, ribs, and sternum.

Question 4

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 4

refers to the bones of the limbs, including the shoulder and pelvic girdles.

Question 5

sagittal

Answer 5

divides body into right and left down the middle

(midsagittal, median, or midline) plane divides the body into symmetrical right and left halves.

Question 6

coronal

Answer 6

(frontal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior halves and is placed at right angles to the sagittal plane.

runs along coronal suture front & back posterior & anterior

Question 7

transverse

Answer 7

(horizontal) plane slices through the body at any height but always passes perpendicular to the sagittal and frontal planes.

Slices through the body perpindicular: superior

Question 8

superior

Answer 8

towards the head.

toward the head end of the hominid body. The superior boundary of the human parietal bone is the sagittal suture.

Question 9

inferior

Answer 9

point of region below another point or region. (caudal) towards key.

Question 10

anterior

Answer 10

front, point or region lying closest to the front of the body

Question 11

posterior

Answer 11

Back, point or region lying closest to the back the body

Question 12

dorsal

Answer 12

back side of the body (posterior)

Question 13

ventral

Answer 13

belly side of the body (anterior)

Question 14

medial

Answer 14

closer to the midline in or towards the middle of the body

Question 15

lateral

Answer 15

away from the midline

opposite of medial; away from the midline

Question 16

proximal

Answer 16

nearest the axial skeleton, usually used for limb bones. The proximal end of the upper arm bone, the humerus, is the end toward the shoulder.

Question 17

distal

Answer 17

opposite of proximal; farthest from the axial skeleton. The distal end of the terminal foot phalanx fits into the front end of a shoe.

Question 18

endocranial

Answer 18

inner surface of the cranial vault. The brain fills the endocranial cavity.

Question 19

ectocranial

Answer 19

outer surface of the cranial vault. The temporal line is on the ectocranial surface of the parietal.

Question 20

palmar

Answer 20

surface of the hand has fingerprints

palm side of the hand. The palmar surface of the digits bears fingerprints.

Question 21

plantar

Answer 21

sole of the foot. The plantar surface of the foot contacts the ground during normal walking.

top of the foot is dorsal

Question 22

pronation

Answer 22

rotary motion of the forearm that turns the palm from anteriorly facing (thumb lateral) to posteriorly facing (thumb medial). Typewriters are used with the hand in pronation.

Question 23

supination

Answer 23

opposite of pronation; rotary motion of the forearm that returns the palm to a position in which the thumb is lateral. When chimpanzees beg for food the hand is often held in supination.

Question 24

process

Answer 24

a bony prominence. The mastoid process forms the prominence behind the ear.

Question 25

spine

Answer 25

generally a longer, thinner, sharper process than an eminence. Vertebral spines are used in the identification of various vertebrae.

Question 26

tuberosity

Answer 26

a large, usually rugose (roughened) eminence of variable shape; often a site of tendon or ligament attachment. The deltoid tuberosity marks the shaft of the humerus.

Question 27

tubercle

Answer 27

a small, usually rugose eminence; often a site of tendon or ligament attachment. The conoid tubercle is found along the inferior edge of the clavicle.

Question 28

boss

Answer 28

a smooth, round, broad eminence. Female skulls tend to show more bossing of the frontal bone than those of males.

Question 29

articulation

Answer 29

an area where adjacent bones are in contact (via cartilage or fibrous tissue) at a joint. The most proximal surface of the tibia is said to articulate with the distal end of the femur.

Question 30

condyle

Answer 30

a rounded articular process. The occipital condyles lie on the base of the cranium and articulate with the uppermost vertebra, the atlas.

Question 31

epicondyle

Answer 31

a nonarticular projection adjacent to a condyle. The lateral epicondyle of the humerus is located just proximal to the elbow, adjacent to the lateral condylar surface.

Question 32

head

Answer 32

a large, rounded, usually articular end of a bone. The head of the humerus is the superior (proximal) end of the bone.

Question 33

diaphysis (shaft)

Answer 33

the long, straight section between the ends of a long bone. The femoral shaft is roughly circular in cross section.

Question 34

epiphysis

Answer 34

in general usage, usually the end portion or extremity of a long bone that is expanded for articulation. The proximal epiphysis of the tibia is the expanded end of the bone that articulates with the femur.

Question 35

neck

Answer 35

the section of a bone between the head and the shaft. The neck of the femur is long relative to the size of the femoral head in some early hominids.

Question 36

torus

Answer 36

a bony thickening. The supraorbital torus on some Homo erectus frontal bones is very thick.

Question 37

ridge

Answer 37

a linear bony elevation, often roughened. The lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus borders the bone above the lateral epicondyle.

Question 38

crest

Answer 38

a prominent, usually sharp and thin ridge of bone; often formed between adjacent muscle masses. The sagittal crest is a structure that forms during the development of large temporalis muscles in the gorilla.

Question 39

facet

Answer 39

a small articular surface, or a tooth contact. Bodies of the thoracic vertebrae have facets for articulation with the heads of ribs. Occlusal facets form on the chewing surfaces of the teeth shortly after crown eruption.

Question 40

fossa

Answer 40

a depressed area; usually broad and shallow. The olecranon fossa is located on the posterior surface of the distal humerus, where it receives the proximal ulna during full extension of the arm.

Question 41

fovea

Answer 41

a pit-like, depressed area; usually smaller than a fossa. The anterior fovea of an unworn molar is seen in occlusal view.

Question 42

sulcus

Answer 42

a long, wide groove. A strong supratoral sulcus is present on African ape crania but is weak or absent on Australopithecus crania.

Question 43

fontanelle

Answer 43

a space between cranial bones of an infant. The soft spot atop a baby’s head indicates the presence of a fontanelle.

Question 44

suture

Answer 44

where adjacent bones of the skull meet (articulate). The lambdoidal suture is between occipital and parietal bones.

Question 45

foramen

Answer 45

an opening through a bone, usually a passage for blood vessels and nerves. The mental foramen is an opening on the lateral surface of the mandible.

Question 46

canal

Answer 46

a tunnel-like, extended foramen. The carotid canal is found at the base of the skull.

Question 47

meatus

Answer 47

a short canal. The external auditory meatus is the canal that connects the middle and outer ear.

Question 48

sinus

Answer 48

a cavity within a cranial bone. The frontal sinus is well developed in some early hominid crania.